Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as a vital component of modern justice delivery systems worldwide. Dissatisfaction with the adversarial nature, cost, and delay of litigation has led to increased reliance on ADR mechanisms that emphasize party autonomy, confidentiality, and preservation of relationships. This paper examines the major forms of ADR, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and hybrid processes such as med-arb and early neutral evaluation. It outlines the defining features, procedural frameworks, advantages, and limitations of each form. The paper argues that no single form of ADR is universally superior. Rather, the choice depends on the nature of the dispute, the relationship between parties, and the desired outcome. It concludes that a clear understanding of the forms of ADR is essential for disputants, lawyers, and policymakers to promote access to justice and decongest formal courts. The paper recommends continuous legal education, institutional support, and harmonization of ADR processes with cultural realities to maximize their effectiveness.

This article examines the dialectical tension between medical clinical autonomy and hospital corporate governance in Indonesia. By analyzing the paradigm shift brought by Health Law No. 17 of 2023 and Government Regulation No. 28 of 2024, this study redefines clinical autonomy not as a private privilege, but as a public legal mandate designed to protect patient safety. The research employs a normative legal method to dissect the implementation of Corporate Clinical Governance (CCG) and its collision with corporate efficiency models (managed care). The findings reveal that CCG inherently requires organizational subordination, fundamentally invalidating the “pure partnership” illusion often utilized by hospitals to externalize liability. The study proposes the concept of “Bifurcation of Authority,” which functionally separates a doctor’s clinical-professional sovereignty from the hospital’s administrative-managerial authority. This bifurcation necessitates a shift from personal liability to enterprise liability, ensuring that legal protection and clinical immunity align with fair labor practices under a permanent employment contract (PKWTT).

The hallmark of every nation, developed or developing, is sustainable development. Sustainable development is an emerging field of study concerned with development, which considers not only the present generation but also the future generation. It envisages economic development that does not compromise the capability or integrity of the environment in the sustainance of life, plants and animals as well as the ecosystem. Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is faced with environmental problems such as deforestation, erosion, flooding and desertification. These problems emanate from human activities created in the quest to achieve a higher level of development. The objective of this study is to examine how the environment can be protected to further the goals of sustainable development and examine the impacts of human activities on the environment and the implications on sustainable development. The study is doctrinal and the data are obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are statutes, Federal and State, International Conventions, Protocols and Agreements as well as judicial pronouncement. The secondary sources include textbooks, journals, newspapers and materials sourced from the internet. The study revealed that the environment in Nigeria is confronted with many challenges that should be addressed by law without which the goals of sustainable development are a mirage. The study concluded that Nigeria has, in fact, established and implemented a wide range of clearly defined, comprehensive and environmentally-friendly policies that are sustainable and enforceable. However, enforcement drive is very weak in Nigeria. It is recommended that any limitation placed on The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act be removed and more authority be given to the body on all environmental law enforcement.