Judicial police officers occupy a pivotal position in Cameroon’s criminal justice system, exercising investigative powers conferred by the Criminal Procedure Code of 2005. Their functions are indispensable to the administration of justice, yet they continue to raise persistent concerns regarding legality, accountability, and protection of human rights. This paper undertakes a legal appraisal of the role, oversight, and violence surrounding judicial police officers under Cameroonian criminal law. It interrogates the gap between statutory supervision by prosecutors, judges and the limited effectiveness of existing oversight mechanisms, which remain largely internal and susceptible to executive influence. The study further examines the dual dimension of violence: firstly, abuses perpetrated by judicial police officers against suspects, such as arbitrary arrests, detention, ill-treatment, and secondly, violence endured by these officers themselves in conflict-affected areas and high-risk operations. The analysis demonstrates how weak accountability structures and inadequate protective measures simultaneously undermine both human rights and compromise the legitimacy of law enforcement. The paper concludes by advancing reform proposals aimed at strengthening independent oversight, judicial supervision, and improving the protection of officers thereby aligning policing practice with the rule of law and democratic governance.

Hindu and Muslim women, who face discrimination on numerous fronts due to their intersection with gender, religion, and community, have been disproportionately hit by the constitutional duality of public and private inequity. There can be no gender or religious discrimination in India, according to the constitution. But this parity does not extend to the home, where Islamic personal law blatantly discriminates against Hindu and Muslim women. The personal law system governs all family relations and applies to individuals based on their religious affiliation. Hindu and Muslim women face discrimination in divorce or marriage, custody and guardianship, inheritance and succession, and other areas where personal law is applicable. Besides this disadvantage in legal status, Hindu and Muslim women face further marginalization in citizenship and democracy in terms of socioeconomic position, political representation, and participation. This is all because they are members of a religious minority. The constitutional canon has consistently ignored the importance of gender, which has led to the marginalization of substantive gender equality. Hindu and Muslim women's substantive equality has always been positioned in opposition to minority rights and religious freedom. The quick triple talaq practice was declared null and void by the Supreme Court in the landmark Shayara Bano ruling due to its violation of the constitutional guarantee of equality. This study examines the issue to determine whether or not Hindu and Muslim women's equality rights might be included in the constitution. Using feminist constitutionalism as a lens, this article will analyze the Indian Constitution while the revolutionary possibilities it holds for Muslim and Hindu women.

Legal issues, particularly those related to the protection of citizens' rights, are addressed through the mechanism of citizen lawsuits (CLS). Until now, citizen lawsuits have only covered the environment, but there are several other sectors that have not been accommodated in the regulations on citizen lawsuits. This has led to legal uncertainty and inconsistency in court rulings on citizen lawsuits. This study uses normative legal research with a normative juridical approach based on the post-positivism paradigm. The results of this study explain that the characteristics of civil lawsuits are as follows: Basis of the lawsuit: public interest; Subject: the plaintiff is a citizen; Defendant: the government or private parties carrying out governmental affairs; Object of the lawsuit: negligence or failure to fulfil legal obligations; Notification/summons: must be sent 60 working days before the lawsuit; Claim: does not include monetary compensation, but requests that the government create regulations and policies. This reconstruction uses a dignified justice approach, namely Simplification of Procedures: CLS must have simple procedures, be affordable, and cover various fields; Subject of Lawsuits: Regulations must cover human rights violations and actions that harm the public interest, with an emphasis that the public interest also includes human rights; Judicial Competence: the authority between the District Court (PN) and the Administrative Court (TUN) must be clarified, with human rights-related lawsuits falling under the competence of the District Court; Capacity Building for Judges: training for District Court judges; Dismissal Mechanism: there is an initial selection process to screen CLS cases.