This study examines biometric identification system as a step towards better crime control in Cameroon, with particular interest to fingerprint biometrics, DNA identification, facial recognition as well as their respective data bases. Cameroon’s biometric identification system is a government initiative aimed at enhancing identity management, security, and access to services through the use of biometric technologies. Fingerprint biometrics, DNA identification and facial recognition technologies are used in Cameroon for crime control. Their respective databases are, however, not well developed but for AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System), adopted by Cameroon government as a centralized biometric identification system for managing and authenticating identity documents. International governance on the use of biometrics for crime control has also provided Cameroon with a framework to incorporate the following in its biometric identification system: human right protection, standardization and best practices, accountability, and cross-border crime and cooperation. Legal and institutional frameworks exist that aid in biometric data collection and storage. While biometric identification systems have significant potential for crime control in Cameroon, their current effectiveness is moderate, hampered by infrastructural, legal, and operational challenges. Strengthening legal frameworks, improving infrastructure, ensuring ethical use, and fostering interagency collaboration are essential steps toward maximizing the benefits of biometric technologies in promoting security and justice.

The transportation agreement in Indonesia is a reciprocal agreement, between the carrier and the sender. Article 468 of the Commercial Code, which regulates the carrier's responsibility for losses due to transportation and Article 193 of the UULLAJ which is a special provision regulating the carrier's responsibility in land transportation law, have weaknesses that have implications for legal disputes, legal uncertainty over damage or loss of goods being transported. The purpose of this study is to examine and find weaknesses in regulations on liability due to errors in the event of an uncertain event in land transportation that are currently not based on the value of justice and how to reconstruct the law. The author uses a constructivism paradigm with a socio-legal research approach that is descriptive analytical. The collection method and type of data used are sourced from primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative analysis method. The results of the study show that the Weaknesses in legal substance, weaknesses of Article 468 of the Commercial Code and Article 193 of the UULLAJ, weaknesses in legal culture/culture, namely the weakness of traffic supervisors from the Police and transportation and a culture of lawlessness in transportation. Reconstruction of the value of the principle of responsibility due to errors in the event of an uncertain event in land transportation includes strengthening regulatory compliance in logistics, creating compliance with business efficiency, utilizing the role of technology in ensuring compliance, utilizing insurance and customer protection. Reconstruction of norms is carried out on several articles including Article 468 to become (1) The transportation agreement promises the carrier to maintain the safety of goods to be transported from the time of receipt to the time of delivery. (2) The carrier is responsible for damage or loss of goods if the loss is caused by the error of the carrier or its agent. (3) The carrier is not responsible if the loss is caused by other factors such as the nature of the goods, the condition of the goods, or the sender's error. (4) The losses as referred to in paragraph (2) are calculated based on the actual losses experienced. Article 193 paragraph (1) of the UULLAJ states that the Public Transportation Company is responsible for losses suffered by the sender of the goods because the goods are destroyed, lost, or damaged due to the provision of transportation, unless it is proven that the destruction, loss, or damage of the goods was caused by the nature of the goods, the condition of the goods or the sender's error.

This work is set out to make an appraisal of the contributions of World Trade Organization (WTO) towards enhancing trade in developing countries. Many developing countries have joined the WTO in order to protect themselves against the unfair market practices common in international trade. Developing countries represent the majority members of the institution and participate actively in the WTO trading system. The WTO has provided in its agreements, some Special and Differential (S&D) treatment to developing countries. It is rather a paradox that most of these provisions to a greater extent have not been effective towards enhancing trade in developing countries. The objective of this work is to examine the extent to which the WTO has contributed towards enhancing trade in developing-member countries. The method adopted in this research is doctrinal wherein, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The findings reveal among others that, the S&D treatment provisions accorded to developing countries who are vulnerable members of the institution have not been effectively implemented. The WTO lacks an efficient mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of its rules. It is therefore recommended that, the WTO should put in place an effective mechanism to ensure that developed member countries comply with the S&D treatment accorded to developing countries. The organization should equally provide more assistance (tariffs reduction) to developing countries to enable them achieve their economic growth and development. Developing countries on the other hand should establish transparent domestic trade policies necessary to implement the WTO rules.

Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role in safeguarding the unique qualities and reputation of products closely tied to their place of origin, extending beyond mere economic considerations to encompass cultural preservation and the maintenance of traditional production methods. Indonesia's current legal framework faces significant challenges and requires review and potential reconstruction to optimize the system and address complex issues such as the potential conflict between exclusive GI rights and trademark rights. This study employs an empirical juridical approach, utilizing field research based on interviews with key informants, and relies on both primary and secondary materials as its foundational sources. The results show that GIs function as powerful tools for product differentiation in both domestic and global markets, helping to highlight the uniqueness of a product, support local economic sustainability, and provide legal protection for a product's authenticity and reputation. However, Indonesia's efforts to achieve food self-sufficiency and strengthen its GI portfolio are hindered by the complex registration process, lack of legal certainty, and low legal awareness among local communities. Legal reform should aim to align with the socio-economic realities of communities involved in GI production, enabling GIs to serve as both legal identifiers of origin and economic tools that boost the market value of local products in domestic and international trade.