Patent valuation plays a critical role in the creative economy; particularly as intellectual property assets are increasingly utilized as collateral in financial transactions. However, significant challenges remain in the valuation process, particularly for patents, which are intangible assets with high economic potential but complex valuation methods. This study aims to address the legal and valuation challenges surrounding patents in IP-based financing and provide recommendations to enhance legal certainty. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, analyzing relevant regulations and cases. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive legal framework in Indonesia to mitigate uncertainties in patent valuation. Addressing the uncertainty in patent valuation requires a proactive legal framework that ensures predictability, transparency, and consistency. By strengthening regulations and learning from international best practices, Indonesia can unlock the potential of its creative economy and position itself as a competitive player in the global IP market. By addressing these challenges, Indonesia can enhance the credibility and effectiveness of IP-based financing, fostering innovation and economic growth in the creative economy sector.

The study examines country and gender differences in attitudes toward Jordanian and Qatari cybercrime laws. The study sample comprised 704 participants from Jordan and Qatar, with 494 (70%) Jordanian and 210 (30%) Qatari. Of them, 377 (53.6%) were males, and 327 (46.4%) were females. Participants (143, 20%) reported being victims of cybercrimes, and 37 (5%) were perpetrators. The study developed a research questionnaire as its tool. As estimated by Cronbach’s α, reliability was 0.956 for all scales. The validity, measured by the correlation between the attitude scale and knowledge index, was r = 0.180, α = 0.00. The ANOVA analysis comparing attitudes toward cybercrime law (ATCL) showed that students from Qatar had more negative views than those from Jordan (66 compared to 30); there were significant differences in ATCL between Jordan and Qatar (F = 237.579, α = .036). An ANOVA analysis of the mean gender differences in ATCL revealed that males were more negative about it than females (45 vs. 35). Significant differences were found between males and females in ATCL (F = 14.917, α < .000).

This study examines the juridical aspects of cyber defamation against state officials through internet media in Semarang, Indonesia, with a focus on the enforcement practices of the Central Java Regional Police (Polda Jateng). The research aims to analyze the phenomenon, legal challenges, and potential solutions to cyber defamation, which undermines the authority of state officials and public trust in governance. Employing a qualitative juridical approach, the study combines normative legal analysis with a case study of Polda Jateng’s handling of defamation cases. Data were collected through legal document reviews, including Indonesia’s Electronic Information and Transaction Law (UU ITE) and Constitutional Court rulings, alongside interviews with law enforcement officials. Findings reveal that cyber defamation is driven by public dissatisfaction, political conflicts, and legal ignorance, exacerbated by the broad interpretation of UU ITE’s defamation provisions. The study highlights the tension between protecting state officials and safeguarding freedom of expression, as excessive use of UU ITE risks criminalizing legitimate criticism. Proposed solutions include preventive education on internet ethics, stricter enforcement protocols, and enhanced victim support mechanisms. This research contributes to the development of criminal law and information law, offering practical recommendations for balancing state authority and individual rights in the digital age.

When capital consultants invest in a business, they are likely to bear risks, especially property risks. The law has provided clear regulations on the property responsibilities of consultants, specifically members of limited liability companies and shareholders of joint stock companies. Accordingly, the property liability regime is a type of civil liability that members of a limited liability company and shareholders of a joint stock company may have to bear when contributing capital to the company. Although this is a liability regime, it is also a guarantee and a manifestation of the state's viewpoint and attitude toward investors. This liability regime includes two types: liability for the company's debts and property obligations within the scope of the capital contributed to the company, also known as the limited liability regime and the "personal" property liability regime arising in some special cases as prescribed by law.