In Sudan sugarcane is a key agricultural crop which significantly contributes in economy. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soil characteristics on sugarcane production at Halfa and Algunied areas. Soil samples were perfectly collected from different parts of each site and analyzed. Soil texture, bulk Density, sand%, clay%, moisture, pH, EC, Alkalinity 〖CO〗_3^(2-),H〖CO〗_3^-,〖Cl〗^-,〖SO〗_4^(2-) and macro nutrient were determined. SAR, RSC were calculated. Some parameters showed clear variations in the two areas. Halfa soil showed mean values of pH (6.99), alkalinity (1000mg/l), chloride (520meq/l), sulfate (10.8mg/kg), bicarbonate (5.2meq/l), and SAR (3.00) indicating high potential sodicity risks. At Algunaid the mean values were pH (7.69), Alkalinity (1066mg/l), chloride (4.5meq/l), bicarbonate (6.5meq/l) and SAR (0.85).

Sugarcane plays a vital role in the industrial growth of Sudan as an important economic crop. This work was aiming to measure the availability of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P and N as macro-nutrients in Halfa and Alguneid sugarcane schemes. Soil samples were collected from different parts of each sugarcane growing field. Minerals concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Notable differences in nutrients content were indicated between Halfa and Alguneid soils. Halfa scheme soils showed minerals content means as Mg (16.76 meq/L), Na (9.89meq/L), and Ca (0.91 meq/L). Algunied soils showed significantly low means of Na (0.367 meq/L), Mg (0.32 meq/L) and Ca (0.058 meq/L). The mean of Algunied soil N (0.067%) was almost similar to that of Halfa N (0.051%), which may reflect the insufficient nitrogen supply for optimum sugarcane growth. Phosphorus showed low mean values in the two fields as (0.00015%) in Halfa and (0.0013%) in Alguneid soils indicating a severe deficiency that can negatively influence root development and yield potential. Halfa soils may need gypsum applications whereas Algunied field may require fertilization management including P and N.

Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in industries due to their favorable mechanical properties, low density, and natural passivation. However, they remain susceptible to corrosion in acidic environments, necessitating effective and environmentally friendly inhibition strategies. In this study, the corrosion inhibition behavior of two phenolic acid derivatives, vanillic acid (VA) and isovanillic acid (ISVA), on aluminum was investigated using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. DFT calculations revealed that VA exhibits a higher HOMO energy, smaller energy gap, greater global softness, and larger fraction of electrons transferred compared to ISVA, indicating stronger electron-donating ability, higher chemical reactivity, and enhanced adsorption propensity. Fukui function analysis identified oxygen atoms in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as primary reactive sites, with O (4), O (8), O (11), and O (12) in VA and O (11) in ISVA, highlighting the crucial role of oxygen-containing functional groups in adsorption. MD simulations confirmed strong adsorption of both inhibitors on the Al (111) surface, with adsorption energies of -0.692 eV (VA) and -0.706 eV (ISVA), and revealed favorable molecular orientation, surface coverage, and hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizing the protective layer. Integrating DFT and MD results, VA was identified as the more effective corrosion inhibitor due to its higher reactivity, multiple active adsorption sites, and stronger electron-donating capability. This study provides molecular-level insights into corrosion inhibition mechanisms and supports the rational design of environmentally friendly inhibitors for aluminum in acidic media.

Background: In the past decade, the median overall survival for breast cancer has improved from 11 months to a 5-year survival rate of 17.8%. This is largely feasible solely thanks to molecular oncology. The metabolic characteristics of cancer cells contrast with those of normal cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important breast cancer-related gene, which can promote the progress of breast cancer. It has been proved in clinical and basic research that over-expressed and constitutively activated STAT3 is involved in the progress, proliferation, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer. Flavonoids exhibit antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. These inexpensive pharmaceutical compounds exhibit considerable biological activities and are advantageous for various chronic conditions, including cancer. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the novel herbal STAT 3 inhibitor targeting Breast cancer through in-silico molecular docking. Method: STAT 3 was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Structural based flavones derivatives (Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein) found to be effective anti-lung cancer component and effectively binds to be target protein STAT 3 with binding energy-5.89, -5.6, -5.96 &-5.96 kcal/mol for Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein respectively and showed potent inhibitory action on STAT 3. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the chosen lead molecules had significant inhibitory effects on the target STAT 3 enzyme, consequently disrupting mitosis and genomic integrity in cancer cells. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated significant binding energy.

This study was conducted to investigate the concentration level of heavy metals in the water, sediment, and five fish species of the Argungu River and two surrounding lakes in Kebbi State, Nigeria. This was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metal with the highest mean concentration in all fish species is Fe, followed by Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr. The mean concentration of metals determined in the water samples ranged from 0.01 ± 0.00 mg/L to 52.52 ± 0.09 mg/L, and for sediment samples, it ranged from 0.25 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 97.70 ± 0.53 mg/kg. Hyperopisus bebe has the highest concentration of all the heavy metals analyzed. The metal concentrations in the fish samples were ranked in the following sequence: Malapterurus electricus > Alestes baremose > Clarias gariepinus > Hydrocunus brevis > Tilapia zilli. The overall concentrations of heavy metals detected in the fish, water, and sediment samples were in the following order: Fe > Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr. Fe and Pb accounted for over 90% of all the metals studied. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to reveal significant differences in the measured variables. Concentrations are often lower in water, followed by sediment and fish. The results obtained indicated that the heavy metal concentrations in the fish, sediment, and water were found to be above the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization. Thus, the study revealed that there is significantly high heavy metal pollution in these fish species sampled from Argungu River and the surrounding lakes, and the consumption of the available fish species in the river may cause harmful effects to human beings.

In this study, pumpkin seed oil extracted by the Soxhlet solvent method was converted into biodiesel using the transesterification process. This process involved the reaction between the extracted oil and alcohol (methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (NaOH) at an ideal temperature of 60 °C. The reaction resulted in the production of mono-alkyl esters (Biodiesel) and glycerol as byproducts. The functional groups of biodiesel were identified using the FTIR technique. The properties assessed included density, viscosity, color, flash point, cloud point, water content, pour point, total acid number, copper strip corrosion, and sulfur content. The properties were compared with the properties of fossil diesel according to ASTM D 6751 standard. Biodiesel was blended with fossil diesel (B20) as well as with fossil diesel and ethanol in different proportions. These blends were studied and compared with ASTM D 7467 standard. The results showed that biodiesel met all the requirements to be an alternative fuel. Moreover, its blends substantially complied with the standard.

In this study, oil was experimentally extracted from pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata) using a chemical Soxhlet extraction, cold solvent extraction and mechanical pressing. The Percentage yields were found to be 39.5%, 30.2%, 26% respectively. The physicochemical properties were determined according to AOAC, AOCS and ASTM standards. Free fatty acids content of the oil was found to be 1.2% as oleic acid, acid value )2.4 mg KOH/g(, peroxide value )6.77 meq O₂/kg oil(, saponification value )191.09 mg KOH/g oil(, iodine value )104.81 g I₂/100 g(, density )0.931 g/ml( at 25°C, kinematic viscosity )48.05 cst (at 40°C. The color of pumpkin seed oil was greenish brown, pH) 6(, cloud point )-5 °C(, refractive index )1.471(, water content )1.95%(. Additionally, the elements in the oil were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the oil contains about 22.57% saturated fatty acids and 73.21% unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the functional groups present in the oil.

The best method for finding medicinally active ingredients in plant material is to screen for phytochemicals in the plants. The toxicity profile of a methanol extract of the stem bark of Andira inermis (Gwaska) and a phytochemical screening study were conducted in this study. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids were all detected in the methanol extracts during the screening process, with the exception of tannins and flavonoids for lead acetate and Shinoda's test, which were not detected. The albino Wister rats' body weight did not significantly alter, and the LD50 was more than 5000 mg/kg, according to research using Lorke's method of toxicity profile in vivo. At 1500, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg doses of the extracts, respectively, the albino Wister rats also showed notable behavioural changes, including restlessness, erection of the hair coat, tiredness, and diarrhea. The findings showed that even at a high dosage of 5000 mg/kg, the Andira inermis methanol extract was not harmful to the experimental animals.