Watermelon Seeds oil was extracted using two techniques: chemical Soxhlet extraction and mechanical pressing. The percentage yields were found to be 37.3% and 26.0%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined, and the following values were obtained: Peroxide value 6.78 Meq O2/kg, Saponification value 191.10 mg KOH/g, and iodine value 104.22/100g. According to the fatty acid profile, the oil contains approximately 70.5% unsaturated fatty acids, mainly represented in Linoleic acid and oleic acid, with percentages of 50.31%19.62%, respectively, and 29.5% saturated fatty acids

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their notable electric conductivity, mechanical electricity, and high surface region, have emerged as essential materials in the design of high-overall-performance electricity garage devices. Their particular one-dimensional structure facilitates rapid electron/ion shipping, enhances electrode structure, and comprises volumetric changes, making them valuable in lithium-ion, lithium–sulfur, and metal air batteries and bendy super capacitors. CNTs have shown extensive improvements in power density, cycle lifestyles, and fee functionality either used for my part or in hybrid structures with graphite, metal oxides, and conductive polymers. Despite these benefits, several challenges hinder the large-scale software of CNTs. These encompass high manufacturing costs, poor dispersion in composites, weak interfacial bonding with energetic materials, and aggregation for the duration of fabrication, which adversely influences electrochemical overall performance and reproducibility. To triumph over those barriers, researchers are employing scalable and eco-friendly synthesis strategies, consisting of optimized chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and refining post-treatment approaches to improve purity and shape. Surface functionalization—each covalent and non-covalent improves compatibility with different materials, even as hybridization techniques beautify electrical pathways and structural integrity. Recent advances in CNT-based composites show their ability to suppress polysulfide shuttling in Li–S structures, boost electrolyte accessibility in bendy super capacitors, and increase mechanical and electrochemical stability beneath high-performance conditions. The use of 3D CNT frameworks and vertically aligned nanotube arrays has enabled the improvement of high-loading, binder-unfastened electrodes with superior ion accessibility. Additionally, CNTs display strong compatibility with emerging stable-nation and gel-based electrolytes, beginning new paths toward compact, safer strength devices.

Treatment of wastewater from heavy metal pollutants still remains a serious challenge for some developing countries without centralized waste water systems. The study examines the potentials of raw and nano composite from Spondias mombin seed as an adsorbent for removal of lead (II) ions from contaminated water. Instrumental techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) were used to characterize the absorbents. The study analyzed the effect of various factors including absorbent dosage (0.2 – 1.0g), lead concentration (100-300 mg), contact time (30-180 min), pH (2-10) and temperature (30-50°C) respectively, on the absorption of pb2+ ions. The experimental findings revealed that the adsorbents have high absorption capacity and high percentage removal for the removal of pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Absorption isotherm kinetic models and thermodynamic studies were applied to access the absorption mechanism of lead (II) ion removal. The Langmuir absorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order model were found to fit the equilibrium data for nano composite while Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order fitted the equilibrium data for raw fruit. According to the results obtained, a linear model was generated which indicated good predictability and the results agreed with the experimental data. The contact time and absorbent dosage were predicted to have a positive effect on the absorption process. However, after the investigation on the efficiency of raw and nano composite of Spondias mombin fruit on the removal of lead (II) ion from aqueous solutions as the impact of different variables were investigated. The study showed that the raw and modified adsorbents can be considered effective adsorbent for the removal of lead metal ions from wastewater by varying some basic parameters. The physiochemical properties of the absorbent were analyzed and the results obtained confirmed the adsorption potentials of the raw and nano composite. The removal efficiencies of both adsorbents on the Pb2+ ion were strongly dependent on their contact time, initial metal ion concentration, absorbent dosage, pH and temperature. The Langmuir isotherm model was well fitted to the experimental data, indicating that the two absorbents were effective in removing Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions with low absorption energy. The experimental data of Pb2+ ions adsorption by raw and nano composit adsorbents studied were fitted with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model respectively, revealing that adsorption occurs by physiosorptions and chemisorptions technique. The thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption process was exothermic, spontaneous and feasible in nature. Therefore, this work exposed the possible removal of lead (II) ions by raw and nano composite from agro waste of Spondias mombin from wastewater, which is generally a low cost agro waste.

Computational chemistry is becoming a key tool for comprehending and creating new treatment materials due to the growing need for sustainable and effective wastewater treatment methods. This study thoroughly examines the molecular modeling, material design techniques, and mechanistic insights that support the creation of novel wastewater treatment solutions. Researchers can decipher the molecule-level adsorption, degradation, and catalytic processes of pollutants by utilizing density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemistry computations. In addition to making, it easier to identify active sites and reaction pathways, these insights also make it possible to rationally design functional materials with improved specificity and efficiency, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), graphene-based composites, and photocatalysts. The optimization of structural and electrical characteristics is made possible by molecular modeling, which also helps forecast the physicochemical interactions between pollutants and treatment materials. Furthermore, machine learning integration and computational screening are becoming effective strategies for speeding up the search for new therapeutic ingredients. Recent developments in computational methods for wastewater treatment are summarized in this study, emphasizing the cooperation between theoretical forecasts and experimental confirmations. The focus is on how computational insights drive process optimization and material innovation in the removal of new pollutants, heavy metals, dyes, and medicines. To create next-generation materials for water purification, the paper ends by describing upcoming potential and difficulties in combining data-driven design, multiscale simulations, and green chemistry principles. This integrated computational method has the potential to transform wastewater treatment technology and advance public health and environmental sustainability.

The synthesis and characterization of a novel zeolite-A/ZnO/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite were explored for the adsorption removal of heavy metals from pharmaceutical wastewater. The zeolite-A, ZnO nanoparticles, GO, and their composite were synthesized via hydrothermal, green, Hummer’s, and wet impregnation methods, respectively. The synthesized samples were characterized using some analytical tools. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of zeolite A, ZnO, and GO, with characteristic peaks aligning with standard crystallographic data. The composite structure displayed unique diffraction shifts, indicating the interaction between ZnO and the zeolitic framework. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological features of individual components and their successful integration within the composite. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping further validated the composition of the nanocomposite and homogeneity. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis demonstrated a high surface area of 115.70 m²/g for the composite, significantly higher than its individual constituents, alongside improved pore structure and volume. The adsorption performance was assessed for Cd, Fe, and Cr ions, showing superior removal efficiencies within 40–50 min, with maximum adsorption capacities of 107.92 mg/g (Cr), 98.28 mg/g (Fe), and 94.51 mg/g (Cd). Increased nanosorbent dosage and temperature positively influenced removal efficiency, achieving complete elimination at optimized conditions. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, confirming chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, while equilibrium data aligned with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The composite exhibited excellent stability and reusability across multiple cycles, demonstrating its potential for practical wastewater treatment applications and its sustainability for heavy metal remediation, offering a promising solution for mitigating environmental pollution from pharmaceutical wastewater.

The pervasive use of polyethylene (PE) bags for cooking and storing staple Nigerian foods poses significant health risks due to heavy metal leaching. This study evaluates the migration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb) from transparent (TPB) and black (BPB) polyethylene bags into Garri, Semovita, Moi Moi, and Okpa under cooking conditions. Food samples, prepared using ingredients from Umuahia markets, were cooked in TPB and BPB, digested with nitric acid and aqua regia, and analysed via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results revealed alarming contamination: BPB-cooked foods exhibited higher metal transfer, with Pb in Okpa (0.4801 mg/kg) and Cd in Moi Moi (0.3150 mg/kg) exceeding WHO/FAO limits (0.3 mg/kg Pb; 0.1 mg/kg Cd). Significant correlations emerged between As-Sb (r = 0.974, p = 0.0256) in uncooked samples and As-Cd (r = 0.9932, p = 0.000672) in cooked foods, highlighting synergistic leaching risks. Transparent bags also exhibited elevated levels of contamination, although these levels were 20–30% lower than those found in BPB-cooked foods. These findings underscore chronic exposure risks, including carcinogenicity and organ damage. Immediate actions are urged: enforcing bans on non-food-grade plastics, promoting biodegradable alternatives (e.g., plantain leaves), and launching public health campaigns to mitigate dietary heavy metal exposure. This study provides critical evidence for policymakers to prioritize food safety regulations in Nigeria and similar contexts by emphasizing feasible transitions to sustainable packaging.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate compound, is essential in biomedical and environmental applications due to its biocompatibility and adsorptive properties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the compositional and structural integrity of hydroxyapatite extracted from cow femur, ribs, and skull bones by calcining the bones and analysing the resulting HAp powders using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. FTIR analysis verified the presence of distinctive phosphate and hydroxyl functional groups in all samples, indicating successful conversion to HAp. SEM micrographs showed porous, uneven surface morphologies appropriate for biointegration. XRF verified calcium and phosphorus as dominating components. The oxide composition was further confirmed by XRF analysis, which showed that the most prevalent components were calcium oxide (CaO) and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), but with slightly different relative proportions across bone sources. The rib sample showed a higher magnesium oxide level, whereas the skull bone sample had the greatest CaO concentration. The concentrations of the different elements in the samples were not significantly different (p>0.05). XRD analysis confirmed phase-pure nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with the main (211) peak at 31.8° and crystallite sizes between 60–70 nm, indicating high crystallinity and structural consistency. These nanoscale features enhance similarity to natural bone and bioactivity. The findings show that bovine-derived HAp maintains key structural and compositional characteristics across anatomical sources, making it a practical and affordable substitute for synthetic hydroxyapatite in biomedical and environmental applications such as contaminant remediation and bone restoration.