Chemometric methods were employed to evaluate terpanes that correspond to the variations in the compositions of two Niger Delta crude oils (samples A-10 and F-00) in their mixes (samples B-82, C-64, D-46, and E- 28). Total abundances, plots, and hierarchical cluster analysis of C19 to C35 terpanes in the six oil samples suggest that the abundances and distributions of terpanes significantly correlated and did not mix correspondingly in the oil samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 95.77% of the total variance of individual terpanes among the oil samples with H30, OL, and NH30 explaining the most variance and NH25a, NH25b, and TR20d explaining the least variance, respectively. Plots of nine (9) ratios, derived from the most and least variant terpanes, gave R² values (0.4919 - 0.9749) that indicate the ratios moderately to very strongly correspond to the compositions of the two Niger Delta crude oils in the oil samples. Ratios of H30/H30+NH25b, OL/OL+NH25b and NH30/NH30+NH25b, with the highest R² values, showed very strong predictability (97.33%, 97.03% and 97.49%) for estimating the compositions of the two Niger Delta crude oils in their mixes.

Red onion skin extract and quercetin dihydrate modified with 2-aminophenol were used as adsorbents to extract Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from their aqueous solutions. The unmodified and modified adsorbents were characterized using some physicochemical parameters such as melting point, solubility in different solvents, thin layer chromatography and FTIR. The FTIR revealed presence of various functional groups in the structure of modified and unmodified red onion skin extract and quercetin dihydrate. Extraction studies result showed that the maximum pH for metal removal is 3.30, 8.00 and 6.46 for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ respectively. The percentage removal and adsorption capacities of the metal ions increased with increasing contact time, dosage and metal ion concentration. Quercetin dihydrate-diazonium salt (QDDS) showed a higher percentage removal for Cu2+ (99.19 %) than Ni2+ and Zn2+ while Red onions skin extract- diazonium salt (ROSEDS) showed a similar percentage removal for Cu2+ (98.57%) > Ni2+ (84.51%) > Zn (66.86%). Heavy metal ions were removed in this order; Cu2+ (99.19%) > Ni2+ (87.64%) > Zn2+ (71.56%) using QDDS. The adsorption kinetic studies and isotherm studies indicated that Pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model best describe the adsorption processes. Therefore, ROSEDS and QDDS have proven to be an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions from waste waters and industrial effluents.