Introduction: Laboratory tests are important for the confirmation of the diagnosis of the disorders and also they are required to see the prognosis or to monitor the effects of the treatment of diseases. Many laboratory tests are ordered inappropriately, some of the ordered tests reports have not been utilized neither for the diagnosis nor for the assessing the prognosis of the disorders. Methodology: Source of data was obtained by documentation maintained in the inpatient registers for routine and emergency tests. Study type and design is Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Results: The percentage of total number of investigations increased was calculated from the year 2007 to till 2016. In our study we found that there was more than 1000% increase in the laboratory workload over a period of 10years both for elective and emergency (around 742%) sample analysis. Discussion: There is an increase in the workload of both routine and emergency tests which were done in Central Biochemistry laboratory and found out the normal value reports in some samples, which were required neither for the diagnosis nor for the prognostic purpose of the disorders. Conclusion: The study revealed gross overuse of laboratory; the ordered tests were required neither for the diagnosis nor to see the prognosis or to monitor the treatment of the disorders. This inturn affect the patients and organization in terms of direct cost & indirect cost. Inappropriate tests may increase the laboratory overload which affects laboratory results adversely in terms of the quality and availability of the laboratory resources.

Breast cancer is the most common occurring cancer among women worldwide. Risk factors included drinking lot of alcohol, lack of physical exercise, family history, ionizing radiations and hormones replacement therapy during menupuase. BRAC1 gene play important role in biochemical processes occurring in cells of the breast cancer. It is highly abundant in tumor cells as compared to the normal cells of human body. It makes it strong and ideal candidate for biochemical and functional characterization at molecular level. The molecular pathways associated with tumor formation and progression of breast cancer not completely discovered yet. There is need to design such potential target or drugs that can target the cells of breast cancer and regulate the epithelial mesenchymal transition as well as reduces the number of cases due to breast cancer. Information regarding genes involved molecular pathways remains unclear. There is need to identify genes involved inthe development of breast cancer as well as prognosis. GEO database of NCBI especially used for breast cancer datasets searching.Cytohubba is used to identify the DEGs. Functional enrichment software that is used for classification and characterization of genes at functional level. Biological database such as STRING that designed for to construct PPI networks of DEGs. MCODE in Cytoscape-Intergerated plug in experimentally applied to check the interactions in PPI network. Cytohubba also used to check out the either hub genes functional or target newly drug for the breast cancer treatment. Kaplan–Meier is biological software that is used to check out the survival of individual hub genes subjected to breast cancer. X2K (Expression2Kinases) used to check out the expression of hub genes. The between hub gene and drug especially be designed in database of drug bank.

Metal ion contamination in the environment causes hazardous effects on plant growth, yield production, and also led to physical and chemical changes. Sunflower(Helianthus annus L.) plant is added to be one of the most edible seed crop growing in harsh climatic regions.it also have good water use efficiency. The study remains unclear about the physiological growth of sunflower with treatment of Zinc. A pot experiment was conducted in the old Botanical Garden at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to analyze and check the impact of heavy metal zinc sulphat stress on sunflower (Heliantuus annuus) two hybrids FH687 and FH674. After three weeks varying concentration of zinc sulphate (0mM, 20mM and 40mM) along with 250ml tap water was applied in rooting medium. Every day 250ml water were applied to each pots .The crop was harvested after 45 days and morphological parameters were studied such as root length, shoot length, root weight, shoot weight and number of leaves. Zn stress significantly reduced the growth attributes. A marked drop in all morphophysiological attributes such as root length, leaf number and shoot length was recorded. Maximum reduction of growth, biochemical and physiological parameters was noted at 40mM concentration of zinc. Zinc toxicity involve in inhibition of cytoplasmic enzymes and damage to cell structures due to oxidative stress.it alter the catalytic function of enzymes which damage the cellular membranes and inhibit root growth. Zinc stress cause maximum effect on hybrid FH674 as compared to other hybrid FH687.

Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess body fat which results in an increase in the body weight of patients. C acutangula is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso for the management of weight gain. The objective of this study was to determine the anti obesity potential of the bioactive fractions of C. acutangula extract. The ethanolic extract of C. acutangula was fractionated to obtain the hexanic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The effect of these fractions on weight gain, food intake and lipid biochemical parameters were determined in vivo. The inhibitory activity of digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase, trypsin) and the antioxidant potential were evaluated for these fractions. The butanolic fraction showed the best activity with an inhibition of 68.20 ± 3.4% at 100 μg / ml. The ethyl acetate fraction gave the best activity on reducing body weight with 18.11% reduction to 50mg / kg of body weight against the control (hyperlipid diet) which gave increases in weight of 34.83% respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction at 25 and 75 mg / kg of body weight and the butanolic fraction at 50 mg / kg showed the best reductions in the triglyceride level with respectively 111.89 ± 28.6; 108.35 ± 10.5 and 108.9 ± 10.21 mg / dl against the control which gave a rate of 280 ± 8.43 mg / dl. Best activities on cholesterol levels, HDLc and LDLc have been observed. For the antioxidant effect, the fractions caused a reduction in the level of MDA and an induction of the production of catalase. These results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions contain antiobesity molecules and could therefore be used in the implementation of a phytomedicine.