Fishes are considered to be most significant bioindicator in aquatic systems for the estimation of toxic metal pollution or facet of the impact of toxic substances on the natural environment. This study aimed to analyze the Hazard Assessment of Some Toxic Elements in Clarias gariepinus (Cat fish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia fish) from Tagwai Reservoir Minna, Niger State Nigeria and the health risk associated with their consumption. The water samples were collected from Tagwai Reservoir and analyzed for water physicochemical properties (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and temperature) using a standard method and concentrations of heavy metal in fish and water, As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were analyze using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The Bioaccumulation factor and health risk (daily intake, health risk index and hazard index) from the consumption of these fishes was assessed using standard methods and formula. All samples (fish and water) collected were digested using a modified procedure from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and were subsequently analyzed using AAS. The result of the physicochemical properties and Heavy metal concentration in water and fishes shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in parameters. The values of physicochemical properties were dissolve oxygen (5.03 mg/l), pH (5.75), Temperature (32.45 ºC), and electrical conductivity (691.52 mg/l) which are significantly higher than the WHO recommended values. Water and fish samples from Tagwai reservoir were contaminated with HMs. The concentration of HMs on fish from Tagwai reservoir were all greater than the maximum permissible limit of metals As (0.01), Cd (0.05), Cr (1.5), Hg (0.01), and Pb (0.3 mg/kg) of HMs in fish as recommended by FAO/WHO. Total hazard Index of all metals in O. niloticus, and C.gariepinus from Tagwai reservoir were 2.65 and 3.07 respectively. This conclude that fish in Tagwai reservoir are contaminated with HMs with deleterious effect on fishes and also bioaccumulate in the fish. The risk assessment shows that fish in Tagwai reservoir are contaminated with potentially toxic elements and could pose health risk from heavy metal contamination when consume via food chain.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is receiving greater attention as an important cause of disturbance in mineral metabolism by its direct action on bone turnover, and also as one of the causes for secondary osteoporosis. Calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (PO4 2−), and magnesium (Mg2+) are necessary for metalloenzymes and various crucial metabolic pathways directly or indirectly regulated by thyroid hormones. Methodology: Patients attending the General Medicine department who were diagnosed clinically as hypothyroid for the first time (n=120) and referred to the central laboratory for thyroid function tests were enrolled for the study. 60 normal healthy individuals were chosen as controls. Results: In hypothyroid patients, the mean values of calcium and magnesium were found to be higher compared to that of the controls’. Whereas mean value of phosphorous was found to be lower compared to that of the controls’. Conclusion: Serum calcium, magnesium & phosphorous levels are widely altered in patients having hypothyroidism. So we suggest that constant monitoring of these minerals in hypothyroid patients will be of great benefit in improving clinical manifestation. Complications can be avoided by planning holistic disease management strategies for these patients.

Objectives: To compare the vitamin D levels between genders, age groups and geographical locations in a tertiary care hospital of Dakshina Kannada. Materials and Methods: A total of 208 (n=208) reports containing vitamin D levels were collected from Central laboratory, which were reported between January 2015 to December 2015. The values are tabulated in Microsoft excel sheet. Student‘t’ test was applied to compare the vitamin D levels between males and females. Whereas, ANOVA was applied for comparing vitamin D levels between different age groups and geographical locations. Results: Out of 208 vitamin D reports, 86 (41.3%) reports were from male and 122 (58.7%) from females. The mean values of vitamin D in males and females were 32.9±14.7 and 31.1±21.4 respectively. Even though females have low levels of vitamin D when compared to males but statistically it was not significant (p=0.512). The mean value of vitamin D from different geographical locations ranged from 20.9 ng/ml (from Ankola) to 78.6 ng/ml (from Dharwad) and 27.3±11.1 being noted from Dakshina Kannada. The intergroup comparison of vitamin D levels of individuals from different locations didn’t show any statistical significance (f =1.33 & p= 0.191).Similarly, there is no statistical significant difference in the vitamin D levels of different age groups. Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is no statistical significant difference in the vitamin D levels of males with females and also no significant difference was found in the vitamin D levels of different age groups and different geographical locations.

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on the growth of and the accumulation of Cu2+ by root, shoot and leaf growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were examined in this study. The purpose of our experiments was to consider sensitivity of the chosen 2 sunflower cultivars (Helianthus anus L.Cv.FH626 and FH674) to copper ions on the ground of physiological characteristics (content of leaf area, fresh matter, dry matter, amount of to show possible resistance mechanisms of this plant to copper ions. Afterwards they were poured with distilled water with the solution enriched with copper with concentration 20 mM CuSO4.5H2O and the last chosen combination was 40 mM CuSO4.5H2O. Waterings in the next phases of the experiment did not contain metal. In spite of the fact that no significant visual symptoms of toxic effect of metal were markedly noticeable, we detected decrease in the content of dry basis in the roots (less than 25–39% in comparison with the control of two tested cultivars treated by Cu cv. FH626 & FH674 tends to be the most resistant or tolerant to Cu toxicity from the point of view of evaluation of physiological parameters of particular cultivars.

Obesity is a chronic disease and a major global health challenge. Apart from bariatric surgery, which is costly and not without risk, there are currently no successful long-term treatment options for obesity. The history of pharmacological agents for obesity has been turbulent with many examples of drugs being removed from the market due to significant side effects. Orlistat and sibutramine (the latest drugs on the market) provide only modest weight loss and are both associated with high attrition rates due to intolerable side effects. Furthermore, sibutramine was recently withdrawn from the market. There is a need for the development of safe and efficacious drug treatments for obesity. Methods: From our sample collection of more than 65 subjects for metabolic disorders research. These subjects were grouped on the basis of diabetes, obesity and gender status. Equal number of subjects was taken for each comparison group to minimize the effects of confounding factors. For diabetes, these sixty five subjects were divided into two groups (n=40 non-diabetic and n=30 type 2 diabetics). While considering obesity, these eighty subject were divided on the basis of their Body Mass Index (n=35 non-obese and n=40 obese). For gender based analysis, the groups based on diabetes and obesity were made (n=20 in each sub-group) and further analyzed while keeping n=10 males and n=10 females in each sub-group. Serum leptin and biochemical analytes were measured for all subjects and data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Results: Leptin levels were found significantly low in nonobese as compared to obese subjects (Mean ± SD: 5.2 ± 2.0 vs. 7.1 ± 2.1 ng/ml, p<0.001). No significant difference was found for non-diabetics and diabetics (6.4 ± 2.4 vs. 5.9 ± 2.2 ng/ml, p=0.35). Gender dimorphism showed significant differences for leptin (p<0.0001). Spearman’s analysis showed strong correlation between leptin and obesity (r=0.43, p=0.0001), gender (r=0.24, p=0.02) irrespective of obesity or diabetes.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome characterised by a loss of glucose homeostasis from defective insulin secretion and its action; both are resulting in impaired metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Diabetes mellitus, if uncontrolled, leads to many complications and the significant being atherosclerosis. Diabetes Mellitus could be treated by nutritional therapy/drug therapy and others. But the drug therapy would have its limitations and side effects. To overcome this, a herbal extract is recommended, such as Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) a principle compound of Garlic oil. Objectives: To assess the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Healthy adult Wister strain male albino rats, weighing around 100-150 grams were randomly selected from the animal house at BLDE University’s Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bijapur, India. Diabetes was induced using alloxan and was treated with DADS. After a stipulated time, the rats were anaesthetised and sacrificed to collect the blood. Blood glucose and serum lipid profile were estimated using standard procedures. One way ANOVA followed by post hoc‘t’ test was done. Results: There was a significant decrease in the blood glucose, and lipid parameters of DADS treated alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the DADS a principle compound of garlic, definitely has the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats, which is reducing the morbidity in diabetic cases without the adverse effects.