The main aim of this study is to present a new, effective approach to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus in a timely, accurate and cost-effective manner, thanks to using technology and new, patented diagnosing procedure. This study shows results of diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus in two different Clinical Expert Decision Support Systems and presents a new way to diagnose diabetes through commonly used urine test strips. It also shows, how this new approach may be reflected into diagnosing algorithms that can be used in diagnostics systems.

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been a well known health problem. Recently, there are certain studies proving it more common as previously understood. Many have sorted for vegetarian food, with about 10% of the population deciding not to consume animal foods. This depends on ethical, ecological and religious belief, but also on health reasons. When the reasons are ethical, individuals ignore on nutritional value. The link between vitamin D and anemia has emerged in recent years, indicating potential roles for vitamin D in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. Very few studies exist on vitamin D levels in anemia. Studies are including vitamin D and vitamin B12 are significantly few. Hence, the present this study aims to find the trend of vitamin D levels in vegetarians having vitamin B12 deficiency. Methods: All clinical and lab data of cases from Jan 2017 to May 2018 from the lab in which Vitamin B12 assay has been done was obtained from lab records. The vitamin B12 assay was done on immunoassay analyzer Roche e411 with chemilumeiscence method. Vitamin B12 levels <180ng/dl was considered deficient. The same was again grouped based on Vitamin D levels as deficient and insufficient. Results: The percentage of subjects in deficient group with low vitamin B12 levels had decreased haemoglobin <11 was 35% when compared with sufficient of 9.4%, P value = 0.02 was significantly correlating. Similarly the MCV(>97) and MCHC(<33) had higher percentage in insufficient Vit D3<30 group with 47.3% and 56.3% respectively. Both parameters also have significant P value being < 0.05. Conclusion: The study found that apart from vitamin B12 deficiency, there are higher chances of these patients being associated with vitamin D3 deficiency.

Background: The final product of purine catabolism in human is uric acid. Serum uric acid is a balance between its production and excretion. The liver and intestine mucosa produce most of purine and also provided by diet. The kidneys eliminate two third of uric acid with the gastrointestinal tract eliminating one third. Objectives: The objective of this pilot study was to establish the normal values of serum uric acid in healthy adult Sudanese, males and females living in Khartoum state and compare the results with the international values. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted during 2018 in Khartoum state on adult healthy males and females aged between 20 and 30 years as a pilot for the project.40 participants, 20males and 20 females, were assessed by a questionnaire covering age, medical history, physical activity, daily caloric intake and smoking history. Body mass index BMI was calculated by measuring weight and height by standard measuring device scales. A sample of 5ml venous blood was taken and measurement of uric acid was done. Results: The range of uric acid was: Males 2-5.7mg/dl and females 2- 4.5mg/dl. The international range of males is 3.4-7mg/dl and in females is 2.4-6mg/dl. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a difference in values of uric acid between international values and in Sudan, so the normal values for uric acid in Sudanese need to be established from a large sample.

This study aimed to find a lupus pattern of dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).Thirty SLE cases and thirty age matched controls are included in this study. Fasting venous blood was collected and base line investigations, lipid profile, apoB and apoA1 estimations were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package 19. The groups were compared using Student’s t test. Analysis of lipid profile across the cases and controls reveals that the mean triglycerides, the mean Low Density Lipoproteins and the mean Very Low Density Lipoproteins were higher among cases with statistical significance and the mean total cholesterol and the mean High Density Lipoproteins seen more in controls with statistically insignificant p value. Apo B values were high and low APOA1 values seen in SLE compared to controls. Higher Apo B/Apo A1 ratio in SLE cases. This ratio implies that the number of small dense LDL particles are the most atherogenic particles that are easily oxidize and promote inflammation and growth of plaques. This elevated lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels in SLE patients throws light on the fact that SLE patients are at increased risk for Coronary Artery Disease.

Background: During pregnancy, thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes. The presence of anti- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (anti-TPO) also results in post-partum complications. Hypothyroidism is closely associated with the presence of anti-TPO. The study aimed to evaluate anti-TPO and thyroid function tests in first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at Department of Biochemistry, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India over a period of one year after prior approval from institutional ethics committee. Total 200 normal pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly selected after informed written consent. Women having known thyroid dysfunction, other endocrinopathies, undergone thyroid surgery or taking thyroid medications were excluded. Overnight fasting blood samples from participants were analyzed for anti-TPO, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total T3 and total T4. Results: Mean maternal age was 25.56 ± 3.32 years. Out of 200, total 30 (15%) pregnant women of first trimester had TSH level >2.5 mIU/l. Out of these 30 females, 9 (4.5%) had overt hypothyroidism & 21 (10.5%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. Among these 30 hypothyroid women, 26 (13%) had found anti-TPO positive (anti-TPO >35 IU//ml) which also showed a significant positive correlation with TSH level and negative correlation with T3 and T4 level. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism especially sub-clinical hypothyroidism is prevalent among pregnant women with positive correlation with anti-TPO. It is suggested that anti-TPO should be added as a screening test in first trimester of pregnancy which can be useful to identify early thyroid dysfunction

Osteocalcin, the second most abundant protein in bone tissue is secreted by osteoblasts, was thought to participate in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. In addition to its use as biomarker in osteoporosis, recent studies have identified osteocalcin as an endocrine regulator of glucose metabolism, stimulating beta-cell insulin secretion and reducing peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin signalling in osteoblasts improves glucose handling directly by increasing secretion of active osteocalcin and indirectly by enhancing bone resorption which releases osteocalcin into the bloodstream. Thus in type 2 diabetes patient with insulin resistance serum osteocalcin level is decreased, which in turn affecting bone mineralisation. Aim: To look for an association of serum osteocalcin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: The study population consisted of 46 type 2 diabetic patients as cases and 44 healthy subjects as contols. Fasting venous blood was collected from each subject and estimations of Serum Osteocalcin, Fasting Insulin, glycated haemoglobin, Serum ionized calcium ,Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a calculated method used to quantify insulin resistance were done. Result: The serum osteocalcin was decreased in diabetic patients and was found to be statistically significant (P value 0.03). Serum osteocalcin negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar (r=-0.233), HbA1c (r=-0.160) and was statistically significant. Serum osteocalcin did not correlate with insulin resistance assessed by HOMA-IR, and fasting insulin. Conclusion: Serum osteocalcin was decreased in Type 2 Diabetic patients and negatively correlated with glycemic control. Thus a good glycemic control is essential part of bone health in diabetics individual.

Background: Incidence of younger age Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is increasing worldwide. This study was aimed to ascertain plasma PAI-1 as an independent biomarker in STEMI, Quantification and Establishing the indicative evidence range of Plasma PAI-1 and ascertaining it’s correlation with CK-MB in young south Indian ethnics. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at MGMGH, Tiruchirapalli. Study subjects includes 40 Patients with typical chest pain, shows ST Elevation in ECG, rise in CK-MB and without any other risk factors of AMI. 40 age and sex matched control subjects were studied at the same time. Plasma PAI-1 (ELISA KIT-KOCH 3071) was assayed within six months of sample collection. Analysis of Serum Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Lipid Profile, CK-MB and others risk factors of AMI was done on admission. Statistics was analyzed using SPSS -19.0. Results: There was a positive significance association observed in plasma PAI-1 (P ≤ 0.001), Serum Urea: P ≤ 0.001, Serum Glucose: P ≤ 0.04, Serum AST: P ≤ 0.001, Serum CK-MB: P ≤ 0. 001 and Serum HDL: P ≤ 0.008 between patients and control subjects. The Mean and SD of plasma PAI-1 for patients and Controls are 3450.76 ± 1406.68 and 1966.03 ± 1406.68. Furthermore an inverse association observed between plasma PAI-1 and HDL level. Conclusion: This study statistically confirmed the independent association between STEMI and plasma PAI-1 and established its analytical range as 3000-5000 pg/ml, wherein, it is 1000- 2000 pg/ml for controls also observed the inverse association of Plasma PAI-1 with serum HDL levels.

A cancer diagnosis can have a huge impact on most patients, families, and caregivers. Feelings of depression, anxiety, and fear are very common and are normal responses to this life-changing experience. Many things can cause these feelings. Changes in body image can affect self-esteem and confidence. Family and work roles may be altered. People might feel grief at these losses and changes. Physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, or extreme tiredness (fatigue) also seem more likely to cause emotional distress. People might also fear death, suffering, pain, or all the unknown things that lie ahead. Family often has these feelings, too. They may be afraid of losing their loved one. They may also feel angry because someone they love has cancer, frustrated that they “can’t do enough,” or stressed because they have to take on more at home. People with cancer, as well as their friends and family, can feel distress about these things at any time after a cancer diagnosis, even many years after the cancer is treated. As the cancer situation changes, they all must cope with new stressors as well as with the old, and their. Objectives: Assessment of depression, anxiety and distress in patients starting chemotherapy was done to study the level of later complications.