Between all of the gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer, despite medical advances and the development of diagnostic tools such as biomarkers and detection techniques, remains a fatal cancer with high progression. Despite this, there is no effective screening strategy or standard treatment for ovarian cancer. If diagnosed during stage I, ovarian cancer has a 90% 5-year survival rate; however, there is usually a masking of symptoms which leads to an often late-stage diagnosis and correspondingly poor survival rate. Current diagnostic methods are invasive and consist of a pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasonography, and blood tests to detect cancer antigen 125 (CA125). Unfortunately, surgery is often still required to make a positive diagnosis. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) is the most common, whereas, stromal and germ cell tumors are of lower abundance. A Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) classifies patients as being at low or high risk for malignant disease using both the CA125 and HE4 results and a woman's menopausal status. The ROMA index was calculated according to the levels of HE4 and CA-125. HE4 and CA-125 values were input to the ovarian cancer risk assessment software, followed by automatic calculation of the corresponding ROMA index. The premenopausal calculation formula of the ROMA index was: 12+2.38 × LN (HE4) +0.062 6 × LN (CA-125). The postmenopausal calculation formula of the ROMA index was: 8.09+1.04 × LN (HE4) +0.732 × LN (CA-125). Such diagnostic medical methods and biomarkers include vaginal and pelvic examination, diagnostic imaging, serum CA125, and screening tests or a combination used in medical centers, however, it is necessary to find new biomarkers with long-term stability and high specificity and sensitivity to detect Ovarian Ca in early stages of disease.

Diabetes is a common cause of end stage renal disease and approximately 20 to 30% of all diabetics will develop nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is characterised by abnormal renal function with reduction of glomerular filtration and rise in the level of Serum Urea and Creatinine. The study was conducted at Princess Esra Hospital, Deccan College of Medical Sciences. Patients with Dm in the age group 35 Yrs – 55 Yrs and controls also of the same age group Glycosylated Haemoglobin (Hb A1C) was done to categorise patients into two groups. Patients with good glycemic control having HbA1c<6-7%, Studies have demonstrated that the complications of diabetes can be delayed or preventedif HbA1c can be kept between 6-7%. The other group of patients were having poor glycemic control with HbA1c above 8%. The following parameters were included in the study FBS, PLBS, HbA1cm Urea and Creatinine. These parameters were estimated in normal (controls) and diabetics (with good glycemic control) and diabetics (with poor glycemic control). It was found that the blood sugar, blood urea and serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control compared to diabetic patients with good glycemic control. Strong relationship of blood urea and serum creatinine levels was found with blood sugar and HbA1c levels. Blood urea, serum creatinine blood sugar along with HbA1c would be helpful to monitor the diabetes patients to assess renal function.

Pregnancy though a normal physiological process exposes the person to oxidative stress. Glutathione is a master antioxidant; it protects both mother and foetus from the damage of oxidative stress and free radicals. In the beginning of pregnancy, Glutathione protects essential functions of the growing and developing embryo by controlling cell differentiation, cell death and other essential functions in the developing embryo. Hence this study proposed the level of glutathione in the pregnancy. Aim: To study the glutathione level in pregnant women (2ndTRIMESTER) and to compare with the non-pregnant woman. Materials & Methods: 50 pregnant women (2nd TRIMESTER) and 50 non-pregnant women attending OBG department in government medical college, chennai Specimen: whole blood with EDTA. Method: Glutathione is determined by dithiobis nitro benzoicacid Glutathione levels were measured using the dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). Results: It was found that the glutathione levels in second trimester of pregnancy were found to be less than non-pregnant women. Conclusion: The result shows that oxidative stress during pregnancy is responsible for the reduction in glutathione as there is demand for the antioxidant glutathione. This study can be used to reinforce the necessity for the supplementation with dietary antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E etc. Keywords: Pregnancy, Glutathione, Dithobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).

Background: Risk factor reduction is the primary clinical approach in preventing coronary artery disease. Traditional risk factors are found to be absent in many of the cases. Novel risk factor – hyper homocysteinemia was reported to be associated with the disease process. Objectives: This study is aimed at identifying the association of coronary artery disease with homocysteine and other conventional risk factors, along with the risk they pose both independently and in combination. Methods: The study included 100 people, 60 subjects in the study group with diagnosed coronary artery disease & 40 subjects in the control group with no disease. Conventional risk factors are evaluated & compared along with homocysteine levels. Results: The data obtained concludes that the levels of homocysteine independently are significantly higher (20.19 ± 5.00) among the study than the control group (12.35 ± 3.39).However, there was no significant association between conventional risk factors homocysteine levels and conventional risk factors (smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes). Conclusion: Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with coronary artery disease. Homocysteine, in combination with the conventional risk factors, did not pose any increased risk for the disease. Raised levels of Homocysteine in the controls is probably attributed to the early sign of disease occurrence, further investigation is required into this aspect. Also, an investigation is necessary to search for the ways of reduction of risk like vitamin supplementation.