Clinical chemistry is an area of laboratory medicine that deals with the analysis of body fluids for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research purposes. Modern laboratory practice in industrialized nations has long progressed beyond piecework manual techniques and uses completely automated systems with minimum human intervention, allowing many tests to be performed by analytical machines with the minimal need of an analyst. Nevertheless, there is need for understanding the basic instruments used in clinical chemistry laboratory especially in resource limited settings where there is unavailability of advanced instruments. This review x-rayed the common and basic instruments in clinical chemistry highlighting the underlying principles, maintenance and storage.

The increase in the incidence of hepatotoxicity resulting from exposure of individuals to toxic substances from the environment especially industrial hazards as well as toxicity from drug intake calls for search of more sources of hepatoprotective substances. African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) have been widely used not only as food but for various acclaimed medicinal purposes. The protective effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - induced liver injury in wistar rats was evaluated. The oil was extracted with n-hexane from the walnut seed using Soxhlet apparatus. Forty eight male Wistar rats (100-120g) were used. These were divided into four groups of 12 rats each. Groups A and D were fed with normal rats’ feed and water while Groups B and C were fed with diet containing 10% extracted Tetracarpidium conophorum seed oil throughout the experiment. Group C and D received 200mg/kg CCl4 intraperitoneally once after 30 days of feeding. The administration of the African walnut oil attenuated the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and liver lipid peroxidation in CCl4 – treated rats. Histopathological studies of the rats’ liver revealed that pretreatment of the animals with African walnut oil reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl4. African walnut oil also increased the antioxidant capacity of the rats by increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) content and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) that was formed due to CCl4 administration in CCl4-treated rats. The results show that Tetracarpidium conophorum seed oil has hepatoprotective effect against CCl4 - induced liver toxicity.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of Senna siamea at various dosage concentrations in vivo in experimental mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Groups A, B and C mice were infected and treated with 100, 200, and 300 mg extract/kg body weight of mouse respectively while group D was infected and treated with 200 mg chloroquine /kg body weight, group E was infected but not treated and group F was uninfected and untreated. The phytochemical constituents of the plant extract were evaluated giving 4 phytochemicals namely flavonoids and alkaloids, carbohydrates and saponins. In addition, the extract indicated a dose dependent decrease in the level of parasitaemia. The analysis showed that the extract has a decreasing effect on the Packed Cell Volume of the experimental mice. Also, some of the groups lived 10 days beyond the experimental period. Furthermore, the groups treated with 300 mg/kg extract, 200 m g/kg chloroquine and uninfected untreated increased in body weight compared to the negative control (infected untreated). Therefore, the aqueous fraction of the Methanol crude extract of Senna siamea leaves could serve as a possible source of antimalarial compounds.

Background: With the increasing global movement of labor migrants, the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases remains a public health concern. Pre-departure medical screening plays a vital role in identifying asymptomatic carriers and preventing disease spread. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of key infectious markers among pre-departure migrant workers and highlight implications for public health screening policies. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Muscat Medical Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2024. A total of 450 migrant workers undergoing routine pre-employment medical screening were enrolled. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV I/II, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis (VDRL and TPHA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Among the 450 participants, the majority were male (92%) and aged between 20–39 years (82%). Most had completed at least primary (30%) or secondary education (42%). Regarding medical fitness, 93.8% were declared fit, 5.1% held up and 1.1% unfit. Only HBsAg showed seropositivity: 5 individuals (1.1%) tested positive, of whom 2 were unfit and 3 held up for confirmation. All participants tested negative for HIV, HCV, TPHA and VDRL. A detailed review showed 442 (98.2%) were HBsAg negative, 2 (0.4%) positive and 6 (1.3%) required retesting. Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of infectious markers was low, with Hepatitis B being the only positive finding. These results support the importance of maintaining comprehensive pre-departure infectious disease screening to ensure public health safety and early intervention.

Beta-thalassemia major (β-TM) is a prevalent hereditary condition. Because they are highly prone to infection, the patients will have higher rates of infection-related death and morbidity. Meteorin-like protein (METRNL) a minor secreted protein and weighs about 28 kDa, which comprise 311 amino acids. This study aimed to evaluation immune inflammatory markers METRNL in sera patients with β-TM groups. Thalassemia Unit" at the "Al Zahra Teaching Hospital" in Najaf, Iraq, registered 60 patients with β-TM, including children and adolescents. They were 28 females and 32 males, ages 7 to 20. during the January–March 2022 timeframe. In the current study, it is found a significant increase in serum levels of FSG, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well showed significantly lowered in BMI, HOMA-β, and METRNL in patients with β-TM as compared with control group. The linear regression analysis showed that the levels of FSG, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly negative correlation with METRNL. ROC curve form METRNL that might be diagnosis of patients with β-TM with an AUC (0.748), the cut-off value was 29.0025 (ng/mL) for serum METRNL (95% CI: 0.585-0.911; p=0.003), a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 78% were acquired for METRNL in β-TM patients. The lower serum METRNL levels in β-TM patients than the healthy group, may be used potential risk indicator of the patients' worse prognosis, for induces endothelial dysfunction and lead to inflammation in most organs tissues could be later outcome to heme induce damage.

The widely accepted belief that plain and lithium heparin containers are the choice for the collection of samples for renal function testing was investigated. This was conducted in addition to the effect of sampling conditions and diet types on renal function testing. A total of 100 subjects were recruited for the study, and renal function parameters such as creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and glucose were estimated using the Randox (UK) test kits on a semi-automated chemistry analyser (Contec-China). The containers used for the analysis include plain, lithium heparin, fluoride oxalate, and K2EDTA, whereas the sampling conditions were grouped into fasting, starvation, and random. The diet types consisted of carbohydrates, protein, and lipids. The results of the investigations were statistically analysed using One-Way Anova (Post-Hoc) on SPSS version 18-20 and level of significance pegged at 95%. The findings reaffirmed the suitability of plain and lithium heparin containers as the choice for renal function testing. Furthermore, sampling conditions were found not to have a palpable effect on the accuracy and precision of renal function parameters, whereas, lipid-rich diet impacted creatinine and urea concentrations. Conclusively, the gradation of the suitability index of routine containers for renal function test is plain > lithium heparin>K2EDTA>fluoride oxalate. Also, diet types should be considered when considering the clinical implication of renal function parameters.

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Abiraterone and Niraparib in syrup dosage form. Chromatogram was run through AgilentC18150 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing 0.01N Potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate: Methanol taken in the ratio 60:40was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 260nm. A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Abiraterone and Niraparib in tablet dosage form. Retention time of Abiraterone and Niraparib were found to be 2.185 min and 2.660 min. %RSD of the Abiraterone and Niraparib were and found to be 0.6 and 0.3 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.09% and 99.60% for Abiraterone and Niraparib respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Abiraterone and Niraparib were 0.26, 0.80and 0.03, 0.08 respectively. Regression equation of Niraparib is y = 90785x + 1183.6 and y = 42063x + 50388 of Abiraterone. Retention times were decreased and run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.