Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is responsible for more than 40% of adult patients suffering from adverse effects leading to death around the world. The B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) gene work as a tumor suppressor. In this study, a list of medicinal herb compounds and drugs was investigated for their pharmacokinetic properties and cytotoxicity by applying the SwissADME, pkCSM, and Molsoft LLC websites. The molecular docking between the medicinal herbs and AML-standard drugs against the human BTG2 gene was carried out by Auto-dock Vina. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions, gene ontology, and gene enrichment analysis were investigated to display the biological pathways related to BTG2. Also, molecular dynamics simulation was examined to study the behavior of the BTG2 protein and the protein-ligand complex. The present work exhibited that hesperidin displayed the highest binding affinity of −7.0 kcal/mol when interacting and docked against the BTG2 protein, while Cytarabinee and daunorubicin had binding affinity of 5.0 and 5.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The PPI highlighted 101 interactions with P-values less than 10 e-16., and the highest similarity score of 0.13 was found in P53 transcriptional gene network pathways. Interestingly, gene enrichment analysis illustrated that RNA degradation was the most significant enrichment pathway. Also, BTG2 contributes to the P53 signaling pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia. Via GADD45A gene. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the highest binding docking (BTG2-hesperidin) complex, and the results revealed conformational alterations with more pronounced surface residue fluctuations in BTG2. The direct interaction of hesperidin with various crucial amino-acid residues like HIS 49, CYS 67, ARG 69, ASN 71, ASP 75, ARG 112, and THR 101 causes modifications in these residues, which ultimately attenuate the activity of the BTG-2 protein. The molecular dynamics determine the four numbers of H-bonds for executing the interaction between BTG2 and hesperidin. The best residue with high energy around all poses is Arg69. Finally, the present work highlighted that hesperidin was the highest phytochemical compound binding to BTG2 protein.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of rotational and single insecticide applications against pea aphids on grass pea crops in the Dera and Fogera districts of Northwestern Ethiopia from 2021 to 2022. Experimental plots measured 2 m × 4 m and utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides profenophos, imidacloprid, λ-cyhalothrin and dimethoate were applied in rotation (P-I-L-D) and individually. It was found that all insecticide treatments reduced the numbers of pea aphids significantly. Treatment impacts on pea aphid populations, for example, were significant in Fogera in 2021 [F (5,18) = 34.924, p<0.001 in Week 2 and 93.250, p<0.001 in Week 3]. In 2022, similar trends were observed [Week 2: F (5,18) = 45.419, p<0.001 at Dera]. Grain yield also increased significantly with insecticide treatments, with the highest yields from dimethoate and rotational applications [Fogera 2021: F(5,18) = 48.154, p<0.001]. Cost-benefit analysis indicated that despite higher initial costs, treatments with dimethoate and rotational applications provided the highest net benefits due to their superior effectiveness in pest control and yield improvement. These findings underscore the importance of integrated pest management strategies, including rotational use of insecticides, to manage pea aphid populations effectively while enhancing grain yield and economic returns. In conclusion, implementing rotational insecticide strategies alongside Dimethoate application is recommended to sustainably manage pea aphids in grass pea crops.

Medicinal plants have been integral to traditional medicine for millennia, serving as vital resources for treating a wide range of ailments. This review explores the importance of these plants, focusing on their antioxidant properties and the phytochemicals responsible for their therapeutic effects. Approximately 10% of vascular plants are recognized for their medicinal qualities, with natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, playing a crucial role in health maintenance by scavenging free radicals. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant activities, including both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses, emphasizing their significance in combating oxidative stress. Notably, members of the Lamiaceae family exhibit diverse species with potent antioxidant capabilities. Various in vitro models are evaluated to assess these antioxidant properties, highlighting the potential of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of natural antioxidants. The findings underscore the relevance of these plants in modern pharmacology and nutrition, advocating for further research to standardize extraction methods and identify specific active compounds. Ultimately, the continued exploration of medicinal plants can contribute significantly to public health and the development of innovative therapies rooted in nature, enhancing our understanding of their role in promoting health and preventing disease.