We discovered during a dissection of the callot triangle during a cholecystectomy a doubling of the cystic artery, discribed being a rare variation of cystic artery.

The cytogenic study included 20 mentally retarded children within the age group of 1 to 16 years, were evaluated for numerical chromosomal abnormalities. Out of 20 subjects, the first 11 samples were taken from the children of the school of the Mentally Retarded People, university road, Rajkot and the rest 09 samples were collected from the patients visited to Psychiatric OPD at the Government Civil Hospital, Rajkot. 15% female subject while 85% male subjects were evaluated for the present study. The selection criteria were children of the age between 1 and 16 years and the confirmation of mental retardation. The severity of category of mental retardation has not been focused. Chromosome preparation from peripheral blood cultures was done using standard techniques and cytogenic analysis was performed using GTG-Banding technique. 10% Karyotype were observed with numerical chromosomal abnormalities and that is Trisomy of 21st pair of chromosome. The study concluded that chromosomal abnormalities are thought to be the most common cause of mental retardation. However, apart from a few selected types with typical aneuploidy, like Down’s syndrome, the frequency of detectable chromosomal abnormalities in association with idiopathic mental retardation is very low.

In Ayurveda, ahara (food), swapna (sleep) and brahmacharya (celibacy) are considered as tryo-upasthambhas or sub-supporting pillars of life. Food is critical for the sustenance of life; it is the first of the three, followed by sleep and brahmacharya. Foods are any substances containing nutrients, such as carbohydrate, proteins and fats that can be ingested by a living organism and metabolized into energy and bodily tissues. Digestion is the process of breakdown of complex form of food into simplest monomers through enzymatic process in gastrointestinal tract. In Ayurveda, conversion of hetrogenous panchbhautic ahara (complex food) into its basic homogenous panchmahabhuta (simplest monomers) is directed by the synchronization of three sets of agni; jathragni, dhatwagni and bhutagni. The process of digestion, metabolism and assimilation is mainly accomplished by agni. The site of jathragni is grahani or pakvamashaya better known as pittadhara kala. Samana vayu, Pachaka pitta and kledaka kapha helps in digestion. Samana vayu which is present near the vicinity of agni stimulate the pachakagni for the digestion and separation of food. Kledaka kapha is present in the stomach which softens the food materials. Ayurvedic classics explains the whole process of digestion that starts with the intake of food, takes place in three stages called as Avastha paka, these are Madhur avastha paka, Amla avastha paka and katu avastha paka. Few works have been mentioned on conceptual features of avastha paka in relation to modern physiology. In this article correlation of the physiological concept of avastha paka with modern medical science has been stated. For this study, the basic materials have been collected from the Ayurvedic classics with the available commentaries, as well as Text books of modern medical science better understanding of the concept and its comparison with contemporary science.

Background: Physical inactivity has been listed as one of the global health problem by WHO and is one of the important risk factor for development of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular illness and some malignancies. Regular physical activity plays a significant role in preventing the development of non-communicable diseases. Students of medicine in spite of having considerable knowledge about the benefits of physical activity the occurrence of physical inactivity is also common because of lack of time and busy academic schedule. Hence the present study was taken up to assess the background knowledge, barriers and motivational factors for the practice of physical activity and to study the pattern and duration of physical activity among first year medical students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 130 medical students. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptional statistical analysis was done and results were expressed as percentages. Results: in our study majority of the students said they would like to practice some form of physical activities because of the health related benefits of the same. The pattern of physical activity practiced is mainly sports related which can be attributed to the younger age of the study population. Conclusion: we conclude that there is a greater need to encourage students to practice physical activities in some feasible form during their medical training so as to inculcate good practice of regular physical activities into their own lifestyle and advice their future patients regarding the health benefits of regular practice of physical activity.

Background: Coronary arteries and their variation in branching patterns have a significant role in cardiac deaths in recent years. Aim: To study the branching patterns of the human coronary arteries and their clinical importance. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Human heart specimens were collected from the Department of anatomy, Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal to study the branching patterns of human coronary arteries and their clinical importance. The variations in branching patterns like Trifurcation, Quadrifurcation of the coronary arteries were noted in the present study. Results: The termination of left coronary artery showed a branching pattern as bifurcation in 29 (72.5%) specimens, Trifurcation in 6(15%), Quadrifurcation in 5(12.5%) out of 40 specimens in our study. We observed 28% of the variations in branching patterns of left coronary artery, whereas right coronary artery branching pattern was normal in the present study. Conclusion: Various branching patterns of coronary arteries should be acknowledged during the catheterization for coronary angiography.