Background: A population is characterized by a set of gene(s) controlling traits and these traits are essential prerequisite for studying genetic diversity in human population. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the distribution, inheritance patterns of morphogenetic, serological traits; and also association of these traits within the two ethnic groups. Methods: The distribution of morphogenetic, serological traits were studied among the Ibibio and Ananng in Ikono and Oruk Anam respectively using a total of 1200 participants. Thirteen traits were accessed. Standard methodology was used to collect data and analyzed. Results: The distribution of morphogenetic traits amongst the two populations were 96.67%, 68.83%, 56.08%, 35.58% and 17.50% for right handedness, free earlobe, tongue rollers, bent little fingers and dimpled cheeks respectively. The Ibibio’s right handedness, left handedness and ambidextrous were 96.33%, 3.17% and 0.5%; while for the Ananng’s were 97.00%, 2.67% and 0.33% respectively. There were significant association between morphogenetic traits (tongue folding and bent little finger) and ethnicity. Also dimples, widow’s peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. The distribution of serological traits amongst the two populations was 50.67%, 20.17%, 18.33%, 10.83%, 93.17%, 6.83%,74.92%, 24.67% and 0.42% for blood group O, B, A, AB, rhesus positive, rhesus negative, genotype AA, AS and SS respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of the different morphogenetic and serological phenotypes varied in the two ethnic groups. Dimples, widow’s peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. This study will serve as base-line information for further studies.

Background: The incidence of Type 2 DM (T2DM) is rapidly increasing worldwide and constitutes a major global public health problem. Autonomic reactivity to a challenge like that of exercise or cold offers a greater scope to evaluate and assess the capability of autonomic system to regulate and maintain homeostasis. The cold Pressor test (CPT) which is considered to be a sympatho-excitatory maneuver is a simple, noninvasive and validated test of sympathetic activation. The Blood pressure (BP) responses to CPT could be used as indicators of global sympathetic activation, and thus of cardiac status and autonomic function. Aims: To compare the autonomic reactivity by recording the Blood pressure during and after CPT between healthy offspring with and without parental history of T2DM. Methods: This study consists of 40 healthy male subjects with family history of T2DM (cases) and 40 healthy male subjects without family history of T2DM (controls) in the age group of 18-25 years. BP during and after CPT were compared between cases and controls. Results: Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. In the present study, the post CPT changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) did not demonstrate any significant differences. However, the graphical representation of SBP changes after CPT shows fluctuation among cases before it reaches the stable value, whereas, in controls the decrease was at constant level. Conclusion: The results suggest there was altered autonomic reactivity to physical stress among the offspring with parental history of T2DM when compared to their counterparts and hence this points towards the fact that they are at a risk of developing future autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.

Background: Dietary habits is one of the important lifestyle behavior which helps in enhancing the good health of the individual. Students starting university education may experience difficulties in maintaining healthy eating habits because of various academic stressors and problems in adjusting to hostel environment. Medical students with their medical knowledge are expected to maintain good healthy eating habits. Inspite of having sufficient knowledge about the importance of eating healthy they experience greater difficulty in putting this background knowledge into practice because of various academic challenges and time issues faced by them. Objectives: To assess the eating habits and perceived barriers to maintain healthy dietary habits of first year medical students. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among first year MBBS students belonging to 2016-17 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. A self structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the dietary habits of the study population. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 63 (48.46%) reported to consumption of all 3 major meals in a day. Skipping of breakfast was seen in 53(40.76%), skipping of lunch 16(12.3%) and skipping of dinner 5 (3.84%) was reported. 61(46.92%) reported that having no time as the reason for skipping meals. 6(4.61%) reported that a skipped meals to control weight. Conclusion: It is advised to increase the awareness among medical students regarding practice of healthy dietary habits and maintenance of healthy lifestyle practices.

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in India is 1.46% with an estimated 17 million people who are chronic carriers of Hepatitis viral infection. Seroprevalence of HBV infection is few times higher among health care workers when compared to the general population. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding HBV infection and vaccination. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among first year MBBS students belonging to 2016-17 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka. A self structured objective type of questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge regarding HBV infection and vaccination for it. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 92.3% of the study population told that they have heard about hepatitis and 78.46% were also aware that the primary organ affected in hepatitis is liver. 87.69% responded that they were aware of hepatitis being transmitted from person to person. 89.23% of the study population had correct knowledge about the mode of transmission. Conclusion: It is recommended to increase the awareness of importance of vaccination against HBV at the beginning of the medical course and consider to vaccinate all of them before they are exposed to the patients during their clinical postings.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not only objective measure of habitual physical activity, but also a useful diagnostic and prognostic health indicator for patients in clinical settings. CRF is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Low CRF in young adults has emerged as an important factor for developing cardiovascular comorbidities later in middle age. Aims: To determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) by Queen’s college step test in young male subjects. To study the relation between body mass index and VO2max. Methods: One hundred young healthy male subjects in the age group of 18 to 25 years were included in this study group. Body mass index (BMI) was measured using standard calibrated instruments. VO2max was assessed by following the protocol of Queen’s College Step Test (QCT). Results: Data was statistically analysed by using Pearson’s correlation. There was a significant negative correlation between Body mass index and VO2max (ml/kg/min) (r= -0.418, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results suggest excessive amount of body fat exerts an unfavourable burden on cardiac function and oxygen uptake by working muscles. In our study BMI has significant negative correlation with VO2max and can be used in clinical settings to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness as it is a rapid and inexpensive method.

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension also known as Preeclampsia clinically is one of the commonly seen complication in pregnant women. It contributes to the cause of maternal and peri natal morbidity and mortality. According to some study, serum creatinine, Blood urea, serum uric acid level increases during pregnancy induced hypertension. Preeclampsia is associated with renal function impairment. The objective of this study is to compare serum creatinine, Blood Urea and Serum Uric acid in preeclampsia with normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 86 pregnant women. Out of which 50 women were pregnancy induced hypertensive and 36 were normal pregnant women. Result : The result showed significantly high blood pressure (SBP-160.0±18.8 VS 112.64±8.19, DBP 110.68±9.55 VS 76.8±4.14)and Blood urea ( 16.56 ±1.72 mg% VS 22.25±1.28 mg%), serum creatinine ( 0.72 ±0.19 mg% VS 1.09±0.34 mg%), serum uric acid level ( 4.63±0.19 mg% VS 7.04±0.4 mg% )in pregnancy induced hypertensive women compares to normal pregnant women. In the present study, in pre-eclampsia, there is elevation of serum uric acid and serum creatinine elevated values are statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a renal derangement of parameters in preeclampsia so it may be advised to renal function test to confirm involvement of renal dysfunctions. Measurement of renal function Test could be used as a biochemical indicator in pregnancy induced hypertensive women.