Viruses as pathogens have ability to replicate in the particular host in order to damage their organs. Some bacterial pathogens cause lethal diseases associated with metabolisms. Bacteria also increase the rate of infection due to antibiotic resistance. There is need to design such drugs that control the specific targets of bacterial strains. Streptococcus type also causes the diseases associated with medical conditions such as pneumonia. Shigella as well as Salmonella also causing the diseases in food and food products. Pseudomonas syringae as one of the bacterial pathogens that attacks on the leaves as well as different parts of plants that finally damaged to whole plant. S. pneumoniae is the pathogenic bacterial strain that causes severe inflammation in the lungs by damaging to the lungs. E. coli as the type of bacterial pathogen that enter into the intestine of the human. It particularly stays here and multiplies to increase its infection to damage the specific parts of intestine. Chikungunya virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. The most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain. The DENV genome is about 11000 bases of positive-sense, single stranded RNA (ssRNA) that codes for three structural proteins. At present, CYD-TDV or Dengvaxia® is the only approved vaccine, but potent inhibitors are currently under development.

Many countries, irrespective of the country's level of economic status, seek to initiate macroeconomic policies towards achieving better economic performance in order to advance level of business activities and economic growth. In order to achieve this, various policy strategies and interventions are applied in the process, although the outcomes are always different. While some of these policy interventions have culminated in the desired outcomes, others falter on the platter of ineptness. This article investigated the impact of the ‘Buy Zimbabwe’ campaign initiative on the performance of the manufacturing sector through capacity utilisation since its introduction by the Government of Zimbabwe in 2011. The study used a positivism research philosophy because epistemologically, it allowed the researcher to focus on discovering observable and measurable facts. The explanatory and analytical research design was used to gather the data. A sample size of 21 companies was put into strata composed of 8 companies in the first stratum and the other 13 companies in the second stratum. Data was collected from primary sources through structured interviews with managers of manufacturing companies. The key findings are that the ‘Buy Zimbabwe ’initiative had very little impact on capacity utilisation of manufacturing companies in Zimbabwe. The main challenges that limited the adoption of ‘Buy Zimbabwe’ campaign are shortage of raw materials, low demand, ageing equipment, low investment in the manufacturing sector, persistent foreign currency shortages, liquidity crisis, and poor access to finance. The study recommended that the Government of Zimbabwe should create an enabling economic, political, social and legal environment that is conducive for ‘Buy Zimbabwe’ initiative to produce the desired results as an import substitution.