Background: The sleep pattern of students varies between the types of professional students (4). Medical students are a group of people in the general population who are vulnerable to poor sleep due to their long and demanding academic assignments and clinical duties including working overnight which is challenging and demanding. Sleep disturbances are known to affect the quality of work and academic performance of the students. In the last decade the rapid diffusion of gadgets especially smart phones among students and the cultural changes as led to the change in the sleep pattern of young adults. Objectives: To study the sleep pattern among first year MBBS students and to assess factors influencing sleep. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among first year medical students. A self structured questionnaire was administered to all the 130 students after explaining the nature and purpose of the study. Informed consent was taken and the confidentiality was maintained during the process of this survey. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 68.46% of students reported to have sleep duration of less than 6 hrs. 93.84% students of the study population agree that use of mobile phones and laptops were affecting their sleep pattern. 64.61% of the study population reported sleep latency of 30-90 min. 78.46% of study population reported waking up for 1-2 times from sleep and 55.38% reported that it takes 10-20 min for them to return to sleep after waking up.

Objective: The study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between testicular volume measured by ultrasound and sperm parameters (volume, count, motility, significant leukocyte and morphology) in Sudanese infertile males attending KDTH, andrology department. Methods: Prospective cross sectional, investigational hospital based study .A total of 100 males were investigated for this study. The testicular volumes of all subjects were measured by ultrasonography. The serial semen samples were collected by the process of masturbation after 3-5 days of ejaculatory abstinence and were analyzed by CASA according to WHO criteria 2010. Results: 74 out of 100 of patients with low Testicular volume had low motility (74%).Correlation between testicular volume and volume of semen, sperm count, morphology and presence of significant leukocyte revealed no significant correlation. Conclusions: Testicular volume had a significant correlation with sperm motility. No significant relation between testicular volume and semen volume, sperm count and sperm morphology. Measurement of testicular volume cannot be helpful alone for assessing fertility at the initial physical examination.

Background: Morningness and eveningness is a phenomenon which looks at the differences among individuals regarding their diurnal preferences, sleep-wake pattern of activity, and alertness in evening or morning. Morning chronotypes are known to exhibit better physical and mental health, greater self esteem and academic performance. Evening chronotypes has been to be associated with several mental disorders, infection prone and have poor sleep quality. Students of Medicine have an average of sleep duration of 6 hrs per day in contrast to 8 hrs of sleep which is seen in other groups. Objectives: To study the morningness eveningness preferences among first year medical students. Methodology: With the approval of Institutional ethical committee this cross sectional study was carried out among 130 first year medical students. Informed consent was taken and the British version of the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire was administered. Confidentiality was maintained and the recorded responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 34.61% (45) of the study population belong to moderate evening category and 13.07% (17) to definite evening category. Ours study also reveals that 9.23% (12) belong to neither of the morning or evening categories. Our results also show that 26.15% (34) belong to definite morning types and 16.92% (22) belong to moderate morning types. Conclusion: Our study shows that the study population which is first year MBBS students show more inclination towards eveningness. Scheduling of academic activities based on the chronotypes will help the students to improve upon their academic performance.

Background: Chalk board teaching as a medium of instruction in classroom is one of the most commonly used methods in lectures. In the recent past there is increased use of power point presentations which is now one of the most popular methods of delivering the lectures using electronic devices. In medical colleges chalk board teaching and PPT–based lectures are being used extensively and there is also a debate wherein the teaching faculty are divided in their opinion regarding the superiority of traditional chalk and talk method and PPT-based lectures. Objectives: To estimate the preferences of first year medical students between traditional chalk and talk lectures and PPT-based lectures. To assess the student perceptions about traditional chalk and talk lectures and PPT-based lectures. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among 130 first year medical students of 2015-16 batches belonging to Sri Siddhartha Medical College Tumkur, Karnataka. A self structured questionnaire was administered to the study population and preferences of the students were estimated in percentage. Results: 66.15% (86) of the student preferred the traditional chalk and talk method over PPT-based lectures. 8.46% (11) of the students preferred PPT-based lectures as a mode of teaching method citing that this technique offers them better quality of diagrams, pictures and sequence of images. 25.38% (33) of students preferred the use of both the methods in the lecture wherein they feel that usage of black board to explain the key concept along with PPT-based lectures as a better method of teaching.

Introduction: Mantra: In its most rudimentary form, a mantra is made of syllables which exert their influence by means of sound (vibrations). As one would have personally experienced, different syllables have different vibration patterns which affect different parts of the body. Material and Methods: This is prospective and observational study. Inclusion Criteria: Males and females with Age group 20–30 years old. Exclusion Criteria: Significant cardiovascular and respiratory systems complications, Thyroid disorders, Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Addiction to alcohol and Smoker. Results: In the pre-intervention, study group had a mean HR value of 73.46±2.78, which has been decreased to 67.36±2.66 in the post intervention, which was found to be highly significant (P=<0.003). Similarly, the control group had a mean HR value of 74.12±2.35 which has been decreased to 73.24±3.21, the decrease was not statistically significant (P=0.064). In the post intervention, study group had a mean heart rate (67.36±2.66) and control group had a mean heart rate (73.24±3.21) the change in the HR in the two groups differed. Whereas study group had greater decrease in HR compared to control group. Which was found to be highly significant (P=0.002). Conclusion: To summarize, our study demonstrates that pranayama practice is effective in reducing perceived stress but significant benefit on physiological parameters is seen in only study subjects practicing pranayama.