Extensor digitorum communis arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus by the common extensor tendon, the adjacent intermuscular septa and the antebrachial fascia. It divides distally into four tendons, this tendons pass in a common synovial sheath with the tendon of extensor indicis, through a tunnel under the extensor retinaculum. The tendons run over the dorsum of the hand, one to each finger. The tendon to the index finger is accompanied by extensor indicis, which lies ulnar (medial) to it. On the dorsum of the hand, adjacent tendons are bonded by three variable intertendinous connections (juncturae tendinum), which are inclined distally and radially. The digital attachments enter a fibrous expansion on the dorsum of the proximal phalanges to which lumbrical, interosseous and digital extensor tendons all attached. This study puts in a sincere effort to study the intertendinous connections (juncturae tendinum) between the four tendons of Extensor digitorum communis. 80 upper limb specimens of human cadaver were used to study the type of intertendinous connections or juncturae tendinum (JT) between the four tendons of Extensor digitorum communis which are seen in 2nd, 3rd and 4thintermetacarpal spaces. The special findings are photographed; all the findings are tabulated and analyzed statistically. Statistically the differences between the right and left hand for the above mentioned tendons and juncturae tendinum were insignificant (p value >0.05). Type 1 JT is most common in 2nd IMS, Type 2 is common in 3rd IMS and Type 3r and Type 3y are found in 4th IMS.

A single renal artery to each kidney is present approximately 70% of individuals. The arteries vary in their level of origin and in their calibre, obliquity and in their precise relations. Near the renal hilum, each artery divides into anterior and posterior divisions and these divide into segmental arteries supplying the renal vascular segments. The materials were 35 formalin fixed cadavers irrespective of the sex which were used for the routine dissection of the undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy. Single renal artery was observed in 71.42% originating from abdominal aorta. Accessory renal arteries were seen in 27.14% originating from abdominal aorta. Extrahilar branches arising from renal arteries were observed in 27.15% 0f the specimens studied. The knowledge of the possible variations of renal arteries is necessary during renal transplantation surgeries, urological procedures and angiography of the renal arteries.

An important milestone in the history of blood transfusion was the discovery of the ABO blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, followed by discovery of Rh (D) antigen. Landsteiner’s achievements lead to several discoveries in the field of immunohaematology. The ABO blood group is useful in selecting the appropriately matched blood group during blood transfusion, organ transplantation, finding out association of blood groups and diseases etc. ABO blood group system classifies blood groups of people into four different types namely A, B, O and AB. The need for the study of frequency distribution of blood group is multipurpose. This study was done to know the frequency distribution of blood groups among first year medical students. This study was conducted on 100 medical students in the Department of Physiology at CAIMS medical college in Karimnagar Telangana state. The blood samples were collected by finger prick method. ABO blood grouping and Rhesus factors (Rh) typing determined by glass slide method. Out of total 100 medical students who volunteered, 30 were males and 70 females. In our study, the most frequently occurring blood group was O ( 42%) followed by B group (29%), A group 17% ) and AB group(12% ) . 81% students were Rh positive whereas only 19% were Rh negative. This study may enable us to contact individuals belonging to a particular blood group at times of medical emergencies when blood transfusion is required.

Thyroid diseases are among the commonest endocrine disorders. Hypothyroidism is an insidious condition in which the thyroid gland does not synthesize enough thyroid hormones to meet metabolic requirement of the body which is associated with subtle and nonspecific symptoms with significant morbidity. Hypothyroidism is the leading cause of several complications the commonest being overweight and obesity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the BMI at the time of diagnosis in hypothyroid patients and compare with that of normal individuals. A comparative study was conducted, 100 cases of hypothyroidism at the time of diagnosis and 100 controls in the age group of 20-40 years, both Males and Females. BMI was calculated, data of T3, T4 & TSH levels were collected & compared between normal and hypothyroid subjects. It was found that hypothyroid subjects had a higher body mass index than the normal individuals. Hence maintenance of thyroid hormones at normal level and regular monitoring of BMI in Hypothyroid patients will help in early detection and prevention of Obesity and its related complications in future.

Dermatoglyphic analysis is one of the most authentic biometric technologies that provides authorized certification of identification. The present prospective study involves 114 female nursing students on an attempt to find out a correlation between the fingerprint pattern and ABO blood group system. It is a double-blind study wherein attentive supervision were done while examining the blood groups and collecting the fingerprints. The results unveil the fact that all the patterns are distinctive. The count of samples is far more in blood group „A‟, „B‟ and „O‟ as and when compared to that of „AB‟. Based on the prevalence of palmar sequences, loops are found to be the most common pattern, followed by whorls and arches. A further in-depth study suggests that the incidence of loops was more in the thumb, middle and little finger whereas whorls are prevalent in the index finger of A, B, and O blood group of both the hands. Definitely, a close association is found between the palmar patterns and individual digits of the left and right hand with the blood groups.

The placenta is a vital organ for maintaining pregnancy and fetal development. We studied the influence of placental morphometric measurements (weight and diameter) on the body mass index (BMI) of the newborn. The present study was carried out at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Placental weight, diameter, birthweight and crown to heel length were recorded immediately after delivery by electronic weighing balance, Infantometer and measuring tape. BMI was calculated in kgs/m2. 58 Females and 50 Males new born babies were classified on the basis of body mass index (kg/m2) into 3 groups. Group I BMI <10, Group II BMI 10-13 and Group III BMI >13. The mean placental weight (in gms) and diameter (in cms) for the male babies in the Group II and III were 466.01 ± 78.23, 524.4 ± 39.51 and 16.9 ±0.69, 18.2 ± 1.05 respectively. However there were no babies in Group I. The mean placental weight (in gms) and diameter (in cms) for the female babies in the 3 groups were 409.6± 42.74, 489.7 ± 43.57, 521.4 ± 48.7 and 15.8 ± 1.01, 17.0± 0.81 and 17.2 ± 0.76 respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between placental weight and diameter with BMI of the newborn in Group II and III for male babies and Group I and II for female babies (P<0.05).

Introduction: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) is an anatomical landmark; its position is important for recognizing structures of difficult access (frontal sinus) and to define skull base in surgery. The anterior ethmoidal artery crosses three cavities: the orbit, the ethmoid labyrinth and the anterior fossa of the skull. The aims and objectives of the study are to determine the course of the AEA and the distance of the AEA from the base skull. Material and Methods: A surveying radiological study was carried out on 100 coronal CT images from subjects who were exposed to paranasal CT imaging during a period April-July 2018 in a tertiary hospital. All CT images, along with indication of sinusitis were encompassed in the examination. The elimination being changed skull base anatomy due to earlier surgical interference, injury or tumour and age <18 years. Result: Among the coronal CT images analyzed, the male and female were noted to be 60 and 20 respectively. Out of 160 sides, AEA was identified in all the images studied (100%). The AEA was found below SB in 134 out of 160 (83.8%). On measuring the distance between the AEA and SB majority belonged to Group A (74 out of 134) in comparison to Group B (40 out of 134) and Group C (20 out of 134). The mean distance was found to be 1.43 mm, 3.8 mm, 5.72 mm in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. The overall mean distance between the AEA and the SB was 3.65 mm. Discussion: The AEA is an anato-radiologic keystone for paranasal sinus and anterior skull base endoscopic operations. The presence of AEA in all of the pictures examined in this investigation is consistent with the reported range of 92-100 percent. In the ethmoidal air sinus, AEA was found to have a varied path. Conclusion: Due to differences in the length of the lateral lamella of the cribriform fossa, the distance between AEA and SB differs. The structure of the olfactory fossa varies. Despite the statistical limitations, the positional association between AEA and the depth of the olfactory fossa is noteworthy.

Introduction: Placenta is a functional unit between the mother and the foetus. Human placenta is discoid, deciduate, haemochorial, chorioallantoic, labyrinthine and endocrine gland which connects developing embryo by umbilical cord to the endometrium of mother’s uterus. It develops from two sources. Material and Method: This is a prospective study conducted at Department of Anatomy and Physiology, at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 year. Inclusion Criteria: Totally, 70 healthy mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their new-borns were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anaemia, vascular diseases and multiple pregnancies were excluded in this study. Result: The New-born body mass index (Kg/m2) was measured and the majorities (55.7%) of the new-born were within 11-13 followed by 25.7% of the new-born were more than 14 and the lesser proportion of 18.5% was <10 BMI (Kg/m2). The mean placental weight (in gms) for the female babies <10 BMI (Kg/m2) were 386.62±45.72. The Mean placental weight (in gms) for the male and female babies of BMI 11-13 (Kg/m2) were 398.53±43.74 and 478.63±49.48 respectively. The mean placental diameter (in cms) for the female babies of <10 BMI (Kg/m2) were 14.64±1.23. The mean placental diameter (in cms) for the male and female babies were 15.64±1.53 and 16.64±1.42 respectively of BMI of 11-13 (Kg/m2). Moreover, mean placental diameter (in cms) for the male and female babies were 17.54±1.67 and 16.68±1.86 respectively of BMI of 11-13 (Kg/m2). Conclusion: This study confirms that morphometric observation of placenta is associated with foetal weight. So, an early examination of not only the fetus, but also the placenta by non-invasive techniques like ultrasonography will be helpful to predict and to avoid low birth weight babies with better preventive measures. This study will also make the physicians and researcher to focus on the placenta.

Introduction: Fingerprint patterns have been normally used for identification of an individual. The fingerprint design whorl might be winding, oval, roundabout or any assortment of a loop and record for around 30%. Arches are the basic type up till now uncommon (about 5%). As blood group system and dermatoglyphics have genetic inheritance, studies have shown that there is association between finger print pattern and blood group. Material and Methods: This is a prospective and single centre study was conducted among 90 subjects over a period of 6 months at Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Tertiary care Teaching Hospital. Inclusion criteria: Students who were aware of their blood group and whose age ranges between 17-25 years. Exclusion criteria: Individual with any hand deformity like permanent scars on fingers which may be congenital or acquired due to trauma on fingers. Individuals suffering from any chronic skin disease, having worn fingerprints or extra or bandaged fingers. Result: Of the 90 samples, 56 were males and 34 females, which correspond to 62.2% of male and the rest female. In this study, the maximum number of subjects were in the age group of 20-22 years which were 40% (n =36) of total followed by age group 17–19 years having 34.4% (n = 31) in this group and 25.5% were 23-25 years. In our study, the most of subjects had „O‟ Blood Group 43.3% (n =39) and least were AB Blood Group 7.7% (n = 7). It was observed that percentage of whorls was highest in B blood group (43.6%) and lowest in A blood group (37.3%). Also, percentage of arches in A blood group was highest (16.8%) as compared to lowest in O blood group (4.8%). Similarly, percentage of loops was highest in O blood group (51.80%) and lowest in AB blood group (46.0 %). Conclusion: The fingerprint used as a traditional, effective, and unique identification method of an individual, in future it allows researchers to investigate with various diseases other than those are raised with age but also helps to explore different antibodies or reactive process of human body in several diseases. Also, similar study helps to predict the risk of any kind of diseases in early age of an individual.