In the recent days Internet has become an essential part of life. It has revolutionized communications, to the extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday communication. In almost everything we do, we use the Internet. Chronic usage of internet affecting physical health conditions like weight gain etc., and this is causing the greatest problems among the young individuals. The main purpose of this study is to study the relationship between internet usage frequency in the University students on our GITAM University students with their BMI. The present study consists 100 Medicine students which were differentiated as males and females (43 Males and 50 Female students). Some of the students who are not responding for all the questionnaires are excluded (07 Students). Different questions were asked to the students in the class environment. A significant association was found between BMI and the intense internet usages (>5-7hrs/daily), with F value 3.55 and p value <0.05. Out of 93 students, 15 students with high internet usage (>5-7hrs) and 31 students with moderate internet usage (3-5hrs) showed positive correlation between increased internet use and obesity.

The foot anthropometric data provides highly important information for anatomist, forensic scientist, physical anthropologist, health science, sports science &medical science professionals and also footwear industrial personals. The appropriate use of foot anthropometry data may aid in individual identification, assessment of health status, comfort and safety. The anthropometric variations not only depend on genetic inheritance, but also differs based on environment, geographical demarcations, ethnicities and cultures. Though some of the foot anthropometric studies are carried out in Malaysian population, but still a comprehensive foot anthropometry data among undergraduate students in Malaysia is limited. The study included 227 undergraduate students of AIMST University. Their age ranged from 18-25 years, with Malaysian citizenship. The data collection procedures followed was in accordance with the ethical standards of AIMST University committee. The FL measurements were carried out using digital sliding calliper (Mitutoyo, ABSOLUTE, Model No. CD-12” PSX, Serial No.0051322) with standard procedures and techniques. The FL measurement values were recorded in the nearest millimetre. All data were analyzed with SPSS trial version 22. The Independent T-test was used to analyze the difference in foot length between the right foot and the left foot of each gender. The socio-demographic data and the foot dimensions of the participants were described with descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences between right foot length (FLR) with left foot length (FLL) in male feet but a significant different of right foot length (FLR) with left foot length (FLL) in female feet. The study showed no significant bilateral foot asymmetry in male foot but a significant bilateral foot asymmetry in female foot. The anthropometric data obtained in this particular study will not only help to establish the individual profile of the university student but also it will be of great value in practical applications and for further studies in this field.

Glycated Hemoglobin (Hb A1c) is now used largely for DM control. Hb A1c is influenced by many risk factors; these include BMI, physical activity, age, ethnicity, diet and smoking. The determinants of Hb A1cvalues in Sudanese have not been studied despite their utmost value in DM control. The objective of this study is to evaluate age, gender and body mass index as determinants of glycated hemoglobin in non-diabetic Sudanese population. A cross sectional study was conducted during 2016-2018 in Sudan covering Khartoum state, Northern state, Gezira state, Red Sea state and North Darfur state, on adults of ages between 20-60 years and not known to be diabetic or suffering from any chronic illness.1097 participants were assessed by a questionnaire covering age, gender and other demographic and social characteristics. BMI was calculated after measuring weight and height by standard scales. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was taken for FBG to exclude DM and measurement of Hb A1c using a modified ELISA reader known as Cobas Integra 800 (Roch) machine. Correlations between the variables were estimated and P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There is a positive correlation between HbA1c and gender; female subjects had higher values than male subjects. The mean of HbA1c in females was 4.6 ±0.9 % which was more than the mean in males 4.5 ±1.0 % with significant p value of 0.03. There are slight differences in HbA1c levels between the age groups, the oldest (more than 50 years) having the lowest values (4.4%) and those with group of age between 35-50 years have the highest value (4.7%). HbA1c levels were found to be higher (4.8%) in those having BMI more than 30. There was no significant correlation between HbA1 c; age, weight and BMI (r =.009, .010, =-.032) and the p values were 0.7, 0.7 , 0.33.respectively . There was intermediate correlation between HbA1c and Height (r) =0.13 with significant p value of 0.00. This study showed significant higher HbA1c levels in females compared to males. Age and BMI have no significant effect on the HbA1c levels in Sudanese population but there was a significant correlation with height.

Recurrent pancreatitis is associated with minor duodenal papilla. Minor and major duodenal papillae are necessary for the endoscopist to perform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla. 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Chennai Medical College, Trichy, Tamilnadu were utilized to study the position of minor duodenal papilla related to major duodenal papilla in pancreatico-duodenal specimens. The minor duodenal papilla was present in 46 (92%) out of 50 specimens whereas in 4 specimens (8%) the minor duodenal papilla was absent. The position of the minor duodenal papilla in relation to that of major duodenal papilla was recorded. In 37 specimens (80.43%) it was anterosuperior to the major papilla and in 9 specimens (19.56%) it was directly superior to the major papilla and opens at second part of duodenum. The distance between the minor and major papillae varied from 1.3 cm to 4.3 cm, the average being 2.35 cm was noted and recorded in the present study. Endoscopy assisted surgeries need anatomical knowledge in understanding the position of the minor duodenal papilla relation to the major duodenal papilla and its clinical importance.

Chalk board talk lecture is the oldest and most commonly used teaching method. After introduction of digitalized teaching in medical colleges Power point presentation Lecture method is commonly used. To evaluate the feedback from first MBBS students regarding opinion and preferences of chalk board and PPT lecture delivery aids. A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in medical college in Telangana State .150 first MBBS students participated in this study. Students were divided into 2 groups .In one group Lecture was delivered by using chalk board, for second group same topic was delivered using PPT presentation, two such lecture were delivered. Multiple choice questions paper was used for assessing the knowledge gained on next day. A questionnaire containing 10 questions was used to study students opinion for blackboard and power point teaching method. The differences in marks obtained in the 2 groups were analysed by independant student t test. Students who attended the lecture using chalk board obtained higher score in MCQ test as compared to those who attended the same lecture using PPT. The chalk board teaching method was preferred by 65% of the students. The blackboard teaching remains the best preferred teaching method, which can be supplemented by PPT presentation for better understanding.

Sacrum is a triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae. It is wedged between two hip bones. Its base articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra and apex with coccyx. Complete agenesis of the dorsal wall of sacrum was observed during one routine osteology tutorial. The same is presented. The sacral canal was completely open posteriorly due to non fusion of the laminae from S1 to S5. The sacral canal is formed by sacral vertebral foramina. The anterior wall of the canal is formed by fusion of the sacral vertebral bodies. The fused laminae, spines and ossified ligamenta flava form the dorsal wall. The sacral canal is triangular in cross section and contains cauda equina, filum terminale and spinal meninges. Duramater and arachnoid mater end at middle of sacrum (generally at the level of S2) while filum terminale is continuation of piamater till coccyx. Knowledge of variations in the dorsal wall of sacrum due to congenital factors is essential for anesthesiologists, surgeons and physicians to treat the related disorders. Study of the variation in anatomical features of sacral hiatus and dorsal wall of sacral canal is important with regards to its clinical application in caudal epidural anesthesia. Sacral approach to epidural space is reliable and effective means of blocking sacral nerves.

Yoga is one of the six orthodox systems of Indian philosophy which is viewed as a physical, mental and spiritual discipline that confers a sound body and sound mind. One of the main aims of practice of yoga is to have good cognitive control. Pre-University education is a very important stage in the educational ladder of students. At this stage students are in need of good cognitive abilities. While there are no studies done on this group about the effects of yoga, this study was undertaken to assess the effect of short term practice of yoga among Pre University students. Executive function was tested with Golden version - Stroop Color and Word test in control group, before and after the intervention among yoga group. Results were statistically analyzed using Bonferroni post hoc test. Students in yoga group had performed better than the control group. Short term practice of yoga had a beneficial effect on cognition – selective attention and cognitive flexibility in the Pre-university students.

Garment factories in India is the second largest sector for employment, approximately 60% of the population employed in the garment industry are women. Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. So this study was done to assess the muscle performance capability in terms of hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) as Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and time for fatigue at 30% of MVC during Menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory Phase of menstrual cycle among 54 garment workers. Maximum voluntary contraction was higher during secretory phase than proliferative and menstrual phase. And time to fatigue at 30% MVC was also found to be higher during secretory and proliferative phase compared to menstrual phase. Overall muscle performance capability was found to be better during secretory phase of menstrual cycle, may be due to increased blood flow to the muscle and glycogen storage under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Estimation of female sex hormones during different phases and its correlation to muscle performance may reveal more facts.