Crop plants are cultivated because of their commercial values and for trading. On the other hand, the crop plants are cultivated and harvested on a large scales for profit purposes. The rice is cultivated in vast range of areas under different climatic conditions, grown in both wet and dry regions. Wheat is the most important and ancient crop which is cultivated at larger scale in many regions of the world. Cotton has hundreds applications in many things such as blue jeans to strings of our shoe, in clothing It has hundreds of uses, from blue jeans to shoe strings. The production of organic cotton promotes the biological cycles and the biodiversity. It is also used as fodder, feed for the cattle’s and in silage making. It is utilized widely as the main source of calories in the animal’s fermentation process. As the demand of crop increasing day by day due to large population entire the world, food with combinations of nutrients and minerals required to increase the production rate off different crops.

Different types of nanoparticles such as silver and gold can be evaluated at higher rate than those traditional methods or techniques. Nanoparticle Spectrometer is mostly used to measure the particle size distribution. Localized surface plasmon resonance is used for studying the shape, size and composition of the newly synthesized nanoparticles in order to extract the optical properties as different bimetallic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be synthesized through the pulsed plasma method by applying voltage across electrodes. Localized surface plasmon resonance is used for characterizing the physical as well as electrical characterizes of the some nanoparticles such as aluminum, gold and silver. Nuclear magnetic resonance is extensively used for determining of the atomic structure of different particles. Darkfield microscopy is used to find out the differences in contrast by selectively capturing light scattered by the specimen. Magnetic resonance in physics also used determination of the molecular structure of molecules bound to surfaces of nanomaterial. Liquid-phase plasma also applied for synthesis of nanoparticles in order to design the nanoparticles based on electrical and metal based properties.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of total factor productivity and employment level on economic growth of Saudi Arabia. The data used in the analysis is a time series data covering the period 2005-2019, and a semi-log regression model was estimated. The results showed that real GDP growth is fluctuating during the study period depending on oil price level. The total factor productivity in Saudi Arabia lagged behind that of many emerging economies. The model results revealed that the total factor productivity is more important for economic growth than increasing the size of the labor force. The paper recommends policymakers seeking to foster economic growth in Saudi Arabia, to put more emphasis on improving productivity of capital inputs and labor through adoption of proper technologies, training, and research and development.

The environment is the home of man, and anything that affects it affects man. In exploration of crude oil in the Niger delta of Nigeria, there is abundant risk to man and his environment. From inception of crude oil exploration in Niger Delta in 1956 till date the soil, river, animals, fishes, man and the environment has suffered terribly as a result of on form of pollution or another. It has been observed among other things that the release of crude oil and refined petroleum products in terrestrial and aquatic environment results in long term threat to all forms of life. It has also been observed that the presence of crude oil and spent lubricating oil in the soil adversely affects the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. It has also been discovered that crude oil affect the germination, maturity and growth of crops. Crude pollution also destroys aquatic lives and incapacitates flying creatures. Majority of Niger Deltans depend on agriculture, therefore to survive there must be a conservation and remediation techniques. This work discovered that the most effective remediation techniques that can be used in the Niger Delta region include organic treatments and inorganic treatment. The available types of remediation include Physiochemical processes, Thermal processes, and Biological processes, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. The aforementioned remediation techniques will go a long way to improve the environment. However, the best form of oil exploration in Niger delta should be the one with zero pollution tolerance.