Fig (Ficus carica) is one of the famous fruit species in world wide. The present study was undertaken to investigate “the performance of fig cultivars (Local, Brown Turkey and Black Mission) planted in high density system under agro-climatic conditions of Islamabad”, at the experimental farm of National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad. Production and quality data were recorded for the evaluation of these cultivars. Five parameter (number of fruits, weight, size (volume), TSS, and yield plant-1) with three replications and five plants replication-1 for each cultivars were studied during the experiment and after harvesting. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). It was observed that number of fruits plant-1 indicated a significant difference among cultivars. Highest number of fruits plant-1 were observed in Brown Turkey (12.48) followed by Black Mission, while lowest number of fruits plant-1 (10.38) was noted in local cultivar. Maximum fruit weight (25.77 g) was recorded in Local selection while lowest fruit weight (20.39 g) was found in Brown Turkey cultivar. Fruit volume, and maximum fruit size was observed in Brown Turkey (22 ml) followed by Black Mission having (19.33 ml). Maximum TSS of fruits was observed in Black Mission (12.49) while minimum TSS (11.03) of fruits was recorded in Brown Turkey. The maximum yield plant-1 was recorded in local selection (265.43 g) followed by Black Mission having (256.2 g) plant-1.The result of this study suggested that brown turkey followed by local selection was found the best in relation to growth and yield of fig tree in Agro-climatic condition of Islamabad.

The review briefly clarifies and summarize some of the major research works on cereals at molecular level. Some basic knowledge about cereals and the isolation and quantification of DNA along with various researches that are previously reported are gathered and presented briefly.

Background: The manuscript is originally the internship report of Muhammad Junaid, submitted for the partial fulfilment of the degree of BSc (h) to University of Swabi. The internship was completed at NIFA (Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture), Peshawar, KP-Pakistan under the supervision of Syed Tariq Shah, Senior Scientist, NIFA Peshawar in 2014. The results obtained are from the original project of Syed Tariq Shah, Senior Scientist, NIFA Peshawar. Methodology: Ten advance lines of wheat were surface sterilized by 70% ethanol for two minutes and then rinse with double distilled water three times. Again washed with mercuric chloride and washed with double distilled water for three times. The sterilized seeds were cultured in Petri dish and kept it in growth chamber at 25oC. When the plants achieved optimum size after germination, the flag leaf were collected on the basis of weight and stored at -80 for molecular analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from these leaves using DNeasy plant mini kit. Agarose gel was run after the DNA extraction and then the Spectrophotometric Determination was done. Results: The results literally focused on to study an efficient method for extraction of genomic DNA and to determine the quality and quantity of genomic DNA. After the extraction of genomic DNA from the plant tissues the quantification, quality and concentrations of isolated genomic DNA were verified on 1% of Agarose gel. RNA and other polysaccharides proteins contamination in the Data is not recoded providing a very rapid and sensitive means of estimating the nucleic acid concentration. DNA concentration was also measured and quantified by ultraviolet spectrophotometer using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results showed the differences in DNA yield and DNA quality among the advanced lines of ten wheat samples. Purified genomic DNA has A260/A280 ratios of 1.5–1.77, and absorbance confirming high purity. L-10 shows the highest yield of DNA that is 462.47 and the lowest DNA yield is of L-7 that is 355.54, the OD260/280 of L-3 is high then the remaining nine lines. Conclusion: DNeasy plant mini kit is an efficient for genomic DNA extraction and purification.

The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus, a multiorgan system metabolic disease is on the increase even in developing countries like Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the protective effects of stem bark extract of Garcinia kola on the histology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic whistar rats using histological and histochemical techniques. The animals used in this study were divided into 6 groups viz: Control group, Diabetic control group, Garcinia kola stem bark only group, Diabetic+Glibenclamide group, Diabetic+low Dose Garcinia kola group and Diabetic+High Dose Garcinia kola group. The duration of study was 56 days. Studies on the rats on days 7 and 14 were regarded as short and medium term effect study. Day 21 study was taken as long term effect study while day 56 study was for reversibility study as treatment had been discontinued. On day 7, 14, 21 and 56, 3 rats from each group were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and pancreas harvested for histological assay. The data obtained were analysed using GraphPad Prism® software version 6.01 to determine the mean and standard error of mean, changes in body weight, insulin and glucose levels were represented in percentages while one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05) was used to show the level of significance. Results revealed that the histology of the pancreas was grossly distorted in the diabetic control group animals whereas histology of the glibenclamide and Garcinia kola stem bark treated groups showed grossly repaired pancreas. These results demonstrate a protective effect of the hydro-methanolic extract of G.kola stem bark on organ damage in Diabetic mellitus.

The aims of the research are to analyze the effect of Profitability, Cost Efficiency and Assets Growth on Fund Adequacy Ratio of the Employer Pension Fund with Defined Benefit Pension Program. This research is quantitative research the causal approach uses secondary data and panel data regression analysis method. The research results prove that Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA) and Assets Growth have significant effect on the Fund Adequay Ratio of The Employer Pension Fund of Defined Benefit Program, but have not been able to prove that Cost Efficiency influences on the Fund Adequacy Ratio of The Employer Pension Fund of Defined Benefit Pension Program.