This paper aimed at investigating the relationship between oil price and some macroeconomic indicators of Saudi Arabia. The co-integration test and VECM were applied to achieve the paper objective. The time series data from (1970-2016) were used. The data was tested for stationarity, and then the co-integration test and VECM were estimated. The results reveal that there is a long run relationship between oil prices and real GDP with weak short run interactions. The result showed that rising of oil prices are negatively correlated with real GDP in the long run. Rising of oil prices may lead to a lower demand for oil in the long run, which will negatively affect government revenue and real GDP growth. The short run results suggest a positive relation between oil prices and real GDP. Rising demand in the short run will increase returns from oil export for the exporting countries. The oil price shocks have significant impact on real GDP in Saudi Arabia. This means the economy of Saudi Arabia will become highly volatile if depends on oil revenue as a major source of income. Diversifying sources of income is highly required in this case.

The objectives of the study were to find out The Influence of The Implementation Government Accounting Standard based on Accrual through the Financial Report Quality (Survey on the Depok City work unit). Quantitative study was used in constructing the research with the Regional Device Work Unit in Depok City Region as respondent. SPSS 24 was used in analyzing the data. Survey method with collecting questioner was used in constructing the data. The survey was conducted in local government Depok for a month, 28th March 2018 – 28th April 2018. The result of the study and analyzing the data using simple linear regression. Based on the study, it can be concluded that The Implementation of Standard Accounting based on Accrual had a big influence significan the financial report.

A cross-sectional study of gastrointestinal helminthes parasites of equine was conducted for 6 months from November 2013 to April 2014 in and around Gondar, to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of helminthes parasites of equines. A total of 384 faecal samples (donkeys (n=238), horses and (n=146) were collected from randomly selected equine for coproscopical examination and 40 pooled samples for recovery of parasitic larvae were collected and processed in Gonder University Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes parasite was 97.4% (374/384) out of which, 28.12% were mixed infections, with the prevalence rate of 97.9% and 96.6% in donkey, and horse, respectively. Coprological examination revealed the existence of five species and four genera of helminthes parasite namely, Strongylus species 47.13 %, Cyathostomes 22.65% Trichostrongylus axei 8.07 %, Triodonthophorus species 6.77%, Parascaris equorum5.2 %, Oxyuris equi 3.12 %, Strongyloides westeri 1.56 %, Anoplocephala species 1.04 % and Gastrodiscus species 1.82 %. No significant variations(P>0.05) in prevalence of helminth parasites were noticed in relation to species, age, body condition score and sex groups of equine, except in case of Parascaris equorum in which prevalence was observed to significantly decrease and increase with age, respectively (P<0.05). The average egg per gram of faeces in this study was 114.7 with a range of 100 to 5,500. The copro-culture study revealed that Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentates and Cyathostomes were the major helminths larvae identified in the area during the study period. Generally parasitism and poly parasitism were the common finding of this work. Equine diseases in general, parasitism in particular, should be given attention in the region where equines are practically participating in all agricultural activities, from tillage to harvest.

This work is achieved within the framework of research into didactic of chemistry. It highlights the impact of the teaching of chemistry, as it is currently practiced over the performance of the students at the university in DR Congo. Two Congolese universities were chosen: the "Université Pédagogique Nationale" (UPN) and the "Université de Kinshasa" (UNIKIN). The teaching-learning approach is considered as an experimental method with three independent variables namely modeling, the conceptualization and the theorization. The observations made one the process of teaching-training show that the student is not in the center of the process. The results of the test which followed these observations show that both modeling and the theorization are the most influential factors on the process of teaching-training in the two universities, while the conceptualization is an influential Factor only at UPN. The success frequencies are of 59.7% at UPN and 63.9 % at UNIKIN for students of the both universities, who are able to identify the symbolic level while responding the test. It is however a representing level of concepts, the one of creation of lower taxonomic level concepts of Bloom. Students then succeed more when recognition and understanding questions are given to them. The students’ success frequencies that are able to identify the macroscopic and microscopic while answering questions are of 5.6 % at UPN and 11.3 % at UNIKIN. It can be concluded that the macroscopic, microscopic and symbolic levels of knowledge in Chemistry are not reached by the UPN’s and UNIKIN’s students while learning notions of molecular mechanics. The teaching of molecular mechanics notions as applied nowadays at the higher education level does not facilitate the learning and the deep understanding in Chemistry.

This study examines the influence of price on Customer Loyalty in the Retail Industry, using Shoprite Accra mall as a case study. The specific objectives are set to identify factors contributing to the attraction of customers to supermarkets, in a bid to determining the factors contributing to repeat visits of customers to supermarkets and to ascertain the influence of price on repeat visits of customers to supermarkets. As methodology, a descriptive research design was adopted. The data was collected from a sample size of 60 respondents with the aid of structured questionnaires. The findings indicate that price is the most essential element that attracts customers to Shoprite. Also customers confirmed that they always buy from Shoprite as a result of lower prices and continue to make repeat purchase for this same reason. The findings further revealed TV advertisement as the major type of advertisement that most influences customer’s buying behavior and that the major element they look out for in advertisement is price. From the findings, majority strongly agreed that price influences their decision to make repeat purchase and made it clear that Shoprite offers comparatively cheaper prices than competitors because their prices are not higher than what customers expect to pay. However, the findings indicated that location, branding and product line of Shoprite need improvement. The study recommends among others that management of Shoprite should not set prices without knowledge of market changes and differences between market segments. Also management should consider the role of price in consumer perceptions of products/ service quality and image. Furthermore, pricing objectives must be consistent with overall communication objectives of the firm as they relate to products/ services and their prices.