The Santals are an ethnic tribal group who mostly inhabit the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Chatisgarh, and Assam. There is also a sizable Santal minority in neighboring Bangladesh and a small population in Nepal. Santals constitute the largest group among tribal communities. They belong to the Proto-Australoid race. The settlement of Medinipur known as Santal was first mentioned in Walter Hamilton's narrative (1820). He said that in the jungles lived an impoverished, oppressed class known as Santals. Some believe the term 'Santal' originated from 'Saont' or 'Samanta'. Once, an area of East Medinipur was known as 'Samantabhum' or 'Saont'. Most likely, they were the original inhabitants of this region. They also mentioned this place 'Sant Disham' or 'Sant Desh' in their mythology. 'Santal' means inhabitant of 'Sant Desh'. The Santal tribe of India have a traditional tribal lifestyle. Forest trees and flora serve the basic needs of Santal tribe.The tribes are also engaged in fishing and cultivation. Theys are also skilled in the production of musical instruments, mats, baskets, and other crafts.The Santal tribe is divided mainly into twelve sects viz. Soren, Murmu, Mandi, Kisku, Hansda, Besra, Tudu, Baske, Hembrom, Pauria, Bedea and Choral. Each sect has a totem symbol of its own. The traditional marriage system in Santal tribe is a religious practice as a goddess of happiness and heaven. In this paper we see the different kinds of rituals which are practiced by the Santal tribe from hundred and thousand years in their marriage and remarriage.

Consumers around the world are turning to natural ingredients to enhance flavor and promote health and well-being, as food industry around the globe has seen a surge. The innovative technologies are brought in to ensure that food is available but safe and beneficial to all. Therefore, Nanoencapsulation is gaining much importance in nutraceuticals and encapsulation of food components. Considering the global food security and food safety we must move forward the ultimate sustainable food production, processing, preservation, bioavailability and food packaging techniques, which will assist and gives more economical as well environment friendly results. The main objective of this review is to create understanding for different nano encapsulating techniques, being used by producer to attain more profit and more sustainable products. On the other hand, Encapsulation technique can be used for the protection and controlled release of bioactive compounds towards targeted sides. These encapsulation processes include emulsification, coacervation, freeze drying, super critical fluid techniques, emulsification-solvent evaporation techniques and spray drying. All these processes have somehow limited utilization and exemplification in food industry. The Producer who has capacity to generate more advanced or extra ordinary approach in food industry should not lemmatized to conventional techniques of encapsulation. We cover some advances in encapsulation procedures which are not applicable to food but being utilized in pharmaceutical industry as well. Furthermore, we have given some suggestions to both producers as well as consumer aspect to make better understanding of cooperation in future.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a virtual academy training program in enhancing continuous medical education for family medicine physicians in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Dubai's primary healthcare sector has implemented this virtual training initiative to provide ongoing education and skill development for family medicine practitioners working in primary care centers. A convergent mixed-methods design combined quantitative survey data from 166 participants with qualitative insights from 27 in-depth interviews. The study examined the impact of the training on physicians' knowledge, clinical competence, overall satisfaction, and the key challenges and opportunities in implementing virtual programs. Results showed that 88% agreed that the sessions improved their awareness of the latest practices, and 72.5% were more confident in diagnosing and treating common illnesses. 85.5% reported successfully putting the training skills to work at their clinics. Participants also noticed improvement in handling essential procedures, with 81.3% agreeing. Qualitative analysis reinforced these findings, highlighting the importance of interactive, case-based learning and the need for more hands-on opportunities. Barriers identified included time constraints, scheduling conflicts, and limited direct practice opportunities. The findings indicate that virtual CME is an effective strategy for upskilling family medicine physicians in Dubai. Hybrid learning models, protected learning time, and optimised session design can further enhance its impact. These insights offer practical guidance for healthcare policymakers and organisations aiming to strengthen medical education through digital innovation in the UAE and similar contexts.

Resistant bacterial infections are a major public health problem, requiring the search for new therapeutic alternatives. This study aims to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from Drypetes gilgiana leaves on strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Kisangani (DR Congo). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and then characterized organoleptically and physicochemically. Its antibacterial activity was analyzed using the agar diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extraction yield was low (0.086%), but the essential oil had physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics favorable to its biological activity. The oil showed very strong antibacterial activity against E. coli (inhibition diameter 78 mm) and moderate activity against S. aureus (9 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) confirmed a higher sensitivity for E. coli (40%) than for S. aureus (80%). These results suggest that D. gilgiana essential oil could be a promising source of antimicrobial agents, warranting future studies to isolate the active compounds and evaluate their mechanism of action.