The remarkable progress in nanotechnology in the last several decades has drawn attention to nanoparticles (NPs) and their characterization, synthesis, and applications. This phenomenon is caused by changes in the mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of the materials on this scale, including their optical properties, thermal conductivity, and melting point. Since many procedures for producing metal nanoparticles need high temperatures and harsh chemical conditions, scaling them up for large-scale manufacture can be challenging. Generally, there are two primary methods for synthesizing nanomaterials: the bottom-up method and the top-down method. A spinning disc reactor (SDR) is used in the spinning-assisted production of nanoparticles. Carbon fullerenes are spherical cages that contain anything from 28 to over 100 carbon atoms. Because of the way they interact with carbon to generate hexagons and pentagons, which result in hollow balls, they resemble soccer balls. The chemical or elemental makeup of nanoparticles directly affects their purity and functionality. The efficiency of the nanoparticle may decline if there is a rise in secondary or undesired materials present, since this might also result in secondary reactions and contamination throughout the process. Although they are commonly supplied as dispersions in different media, including glasses or liquid solvents, they may also be produced in the gas phase to create aerosols. When gold nanoparticles are exposed to a particular wavelength of light, the light's oscillating electromagnetic field causes the free electrons to collectively oscillate coherently. The nanoadsorbents are particularly effective in reducing pollutants, and very little nanoadsorbent is needed to absorb the pollutants' components.

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis is a major public health concern, affecting 0.46% of general population. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK) emerged as new biological drug for RA management. However, there is limited literature on effectiveness and safety of JAKi in combination therapy for RA management. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of JAKi in combination therapy with MTX as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. Methods: The recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols to fulfil research aims. Three electronic databases named as PubMed, Cochrane library and clinical trials.gov were used for research articles extraction. Primary outcomes were American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20 response), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI), and adverse events (TEAE). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of each included randomized clinical trials. The pooled analysis was conducted by using RevMan (Review Manager) software version 5.4. Results: About 407 research articles were extracted from electronic databases and only 9 RCT’s met the inclusion criteria. About 9 RCT’s and 6853 RA patients met the inclusion criteria with 5040 patients receiving JAKi plus MTX in combination and 1813 patients receiving MTX in monotherapy. The pooled analysis showed that ACR20 have significantly improved among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo) [OR: 2.44 (1.35 to 4.40) Cl: 95%] while TEAE numbers have favored the MTX alone as compared to group receiving combination therapy [RR: 1.29 (0.89 to 1.87) Cl: 95%], because number of adverse events were higher among treatment group. Moreover, the mean difference showed that HAQ DI [Mean difference: -0.53 (0.94 to -0.11) Cl: 95%], DAS28 [Mean difference: -1.85 (-2.83 to -0.86) Cl: 95%] have significantly decreased among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of recent meta-analysis revealed that JAKi in combination therapy with MTX improved the ACR20 responses, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and mean creatinine levels, as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. However, the frequency of adverse events by JAKi plus MTX was higher as compared to MTX alone that compromised the safety profile of combination therapy.

Measurement system analysis is crucial in the continuous improvement of manufacturing processes. Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (GR&R) is a process of examining the conformity or non-conformity of the major components of a measurement system; tools, equipment, and operators. This reveals the component contributing the most error or variation in the measurement system. This paper reviews GR&R in dimensional measurements with particular emphasis on accuracy, precision and reliability. There is an introduction to metrology and some metrology terminologies to lay the foundation for the appreciation of gauge repeatability and reproducibility. A critical review of some literature on GR&R studies is done and is expanded to cover general dimensional measurement and investigation of two main areas of measurement error in gauges. The effectiveness of a gauge as a measuring tool is crucial in determining the gauge capability thus, this GR&R review.