Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) is gradually seen by countries in Sub-Sahara African as the engine for economic growth and general uplifting of the standard of living. As a result, Innovation is embraced but institutional weaknesses hinder the required outcome. This paper's aim is to examine the connection between innovation and development in sub-Saharan Africa while considering the function of institutes and other elements. This is in light of the fact that institutions act as the lubricant for progress. The Middle East and North Africa are not included in the scope of the paper, which largely focuses on sub-Saharan African nations. Some western nations and developing economies are, nonetheless, occasionally used as comparison points. We analyze data from reputable organizations like the World Bank, Polity IV, and considering a gauge of innovation and GDP per capita, the quantity of scientific publications published as a proxy for development, the Economic Freedom of the World Project will evaluate a panel of 22 economies in sub-Saharan Africa (EFW). Our results from the POLS and GMM IV regression show, among other things, that innovation has a favorable impact on the development of Africa, even though the impact looks insignificant. Although the majority of the nations in the county have established institutional frameworks for science, technology, and innovation (STI), evidence suggests that the slow rate at which innovation contributes to national development is due to obstacles in the design and implementation of STI policies. The outcome highlights the region's little advancement in the technology-capability indicators. To establish and execute STI policies in the region, a lot more has to be done in the area of collaboration between public entities and parastatals.

Stingless bees are a group of eusocial insects, they inhabit tropical and subtropical areas of the world and approximately 500 species are reported. In the pre-Hispanic era in Mesoamerica, vestiges of meliponiculture are reported; the relationship between the people of the civilizations of this time and the stingless bees had an important value in social, economic, and religious aspects. The objective of this study was to perform an ancestor-descendant bioinformatic analysis with molecular data (mtDNA) of the Meliponines. Nucleotide sequences of the COI-COII fragments of mtDNA were obtained from the Nucleotide sequence database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), using the search and Entrez functions. The fragments the sequences were aligned with cluster and then a phylogenetic analysis of the native bee species reported for Mexico in the NCBI was carried out. Based on the COI-COII mtDNA fragments, it was possible to build a phylogenetic tree, finding evolutionary relationships between the species, allowing to demonstrate that species of the Meliponini Tribe diverge from a more recent common ancestor to a less recent one.

The Lung function test of smokers and non-smokers was carried out using spirometer and Peak Expiratory Flowmeter in 50 subjects in Ubimini Community of Rivers State. Their ages ranged from 19.0 to 40.0 years. Mean PEFR was 524.5±80/min in smokers and 418.4 ± 96/min in non-smokers. Smokers are insignificantly lower than non-smokers. Mean 'TV was 255.8+98 in smokers and 246.4±84 in non-smokers. These results obtained showed an exceptionally increase, instead of a decrease because of the passive smokers who were exposed to cigarettes smoke most of the time while in the midst of heavy smokers but do not smoke themselves. This agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithclia and alveoli and can elicit allergic reactions. Mean 1RV was 401.2±110 in smokers and 402.7±126 in non-smokers. Mean ERV was 323.3±150 in smokers and 424±185 in non-smokers. Mean VC was 908.4±171 in smokers and 914.3±192 in non-smokers. This showed that a non-smoker is likely to have more respiratory volume than a smoker. Mean BM1 was 40.25± 8kg/m2 in smokers and 37.55 ± 5kgm2 in non-smokers. This fact also agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithelia and alveoli thus, can elicit allergic reactions. In comparison, PEFR is lower in smokers than in non- smokers. Thus, smokers have low flow rate when compared with non-smokers. This means that, cigarette smoking has adverse effect on lung volumes.