The purpose of the present study was to study the occurrence of radicular dentinal defects after using EDTA gel during preparation of the root canal with ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland), HyFlex (ColteneWhaledent, Allstetten, Switzerland), and ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer) rotary instruments. Forty-eight single rooted premolars were selected. Twelve teeth were instrumented with hand files; another 12 teeth were instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system up to size F3 and the remaining 24 teeth were shaped with Hyflex CM 25/0.6 and ProTaper Next X3. EDTA gel was used during the root canal preparations of each tooth. After the completion of root canal instrumentation, the roots were sectioned at 3mm,6mm and 9mm followed by stereomicroscopic observation of the sections. The absence/presence of radicular dentinal defects was documented, and the data analysis was done with a chisquare test. The significance level was set at P = 0.05. The ProTaper Next and HyFlex CM instruments caused fewer cracks (33.33% and 50%) than the ProTaper Universal instrument (66.7%) (P < .05). However, there were no significant variances in radicular dentinal defects formation between the Hyflex CM and ProTaper Next groups (P > 0.05). Within the confines of this in vitro study, all of the instrumentation systems used induced radicular defects in the root dentin. The ProTaper Next and HyFlex instruments tended to cause fewer dentinal cracks compared with the ProTaper Universal instrument.

Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major gynecological surgery worldwide and prevalence of hysterectomy varies from country to country, region to region. Hysterectomy may be total -removing the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus; often called complete hysterectomy or partial hysterectomy/subtotal hysterectomy - removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact; also called supracervical hysterectomy. The objective of this study is to know the most common pathology causing abnormal uterine bleeding by studying histopathological findings in hysterectomy specimens and also to know the commonest age group undergoing hysterectomies. In our study involving 200 cases most common age group underwent hysterectomy was 40-49 years followed by 30-39 years group and least hysterectomies done in group 70-79 years. Type of hysterectomy performed most commonly in this study was supracervical or subtotal hysterectomy. Most of lesions were seen in the endometrium 84 cases (42%), Myometrium 59 cases (29.5%), cervix 33 cases (16.5%) and ovary 24 cases (12%). Hysterectomy still remains the widely used treatment modality in developed and developing countries. All hysterectomy specimens should be sent for histopathological examination regardless of the pre-operative microscopic assessment, especially in malignant disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase comprises a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in an alkaline environment. This enzyme plays an important role in the bone metabolism. Alkaline Phosphatase acts as a byproduct and its serum level directly corresponds to the osteoblastic activity. The aim of the present study was to measure the serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase levels to detect the rate of bone resorption. In the present clinical study, serum and saliva samples were collected from the female patients between the age groups of 30-70 years and subjected for the biochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase and calcium in semi-auto analyzer and were analyzed statistically. Serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase and calcium levels were decreased gradually with progressive age. By the present study, we concluded that levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium will decrease with advancing age and saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool alternate to serum.

The objective of this study is to determine the association of biofilm formation, extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] production and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among uropathogenic Escherichia coli [UPEC] isolates. The present study was conducted on 137 UPEC isolates (counts > 105cfu/ml) from UTI cases. In all these isolates biofilm formation was detected by microtitre plate [MTP] method, ESBL production by combined disc diffusion technique and antibiotic susceptibility testing [AST] by Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method. The data was analysed by using Medcalc software package. Chi-square test was applied. Among 137 UPEC isolates, 48 (35%) were biofilm producers [BFP’s]and 89 (65%) were biofilm non producers [BFNP’s] by MTP method. Of the total number of137 isolates, the highest number of strains were susceptible to amikacin followed by gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cefepime.Among 137 isolates, ESBL producers were 28 (75%) of which 21 (75%) were BFP’s also, which makes a total of 49 (35%) (ESBL+Biofilm) and BFNP’s were 7[25%]. ESBL non-producing E.coliwere109 (80%), of which 32 (29.3%) were BFP’s and 77 (70.6%) were BFNP’s. The ability of biofilm formation was significantly higher in ESBL producing strains than that of ESBL non-producing strains (p<0.05). The ability of biofilm formation was found to be higher among ESBL producing stains of E. coli. Higher resistance rate was noted among biofilm producers to almost all the antimicrobial agents except few than non-biofilm producers.

The aim of this study was to determine provoking factors of clinical anxiety among dental students from trainers and students’ perspective. A cross-sectional study was conducted among junior dental students of Taibah Dental College and their trainers using the 38-item modified Moss and McManus clinical anxiety questionnaire. Totally, 123 students and 27 clinical trainers participated. In 5 out of 32 situations significant differences in anxiety were reported by students and trainers (P< 0.05). Dental students reported higher level of anxiety than clinical trainers when they are presenting cases in clinical sessions, helping in a faint, failure of local anaesthesia injection and not meeting the requirements before the exam. However, clinical trainers were more anxious than dental students when they get involved in arresting postoperative bleeding (P< 0.05). Clinical trainers shared largely the same perspective with dental students on the following clinical anxiety provoking situations: when they getting diagnosis wrong, inadvertently hurting the patients, are dealing with psychiatric patients, treating medically compromised patients, coping with uncooperative patient, dealing with fainting patient, fracturing a tooth, extracting wrong tooth, causing accidental pulp exposure, fear of patient’s satisfaction, tearing of the cheek/lips due to catching on a dental burr, getting infected by patients, and giving wrong treatment (P>0.05). It was concluded that clinical trainers and students have great similarity in their perspective on the clinical anxiety provoking situations with slight differences. Clinical trainers’ anxiety dramatically increased with the most risky clinical conditions such as getting infected by patients, arresting postoperative bleeding and dealing with psychiatric patients.

A key characteristic of the adaptive response of cells is that if the stimulus is removed any alteration in cell growth reverts to normal. In contrast to these reversible adaptive responses certain stimuli cause changes in genetic material that result in permanent alteration of the normal cellular growth pattern. Such altered cells, which are termed neoplastic, fail to respond normally to signals controlling the cell growth. They proliferate excessively in a poorly regulated manner, forming a lump or tissue mass called a neoplasm. A tumour is said to be benign when its microscopic and gross characteristics are considered relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localised, cannot spread to other sides. Malignant, as applied to a neoplasm, implies that the lesion can invade and destroy the adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death. Mechanisms by which metastatic cells arise from primary tumours and why they metastasize to specific organs can be explained by cross talk between selected cancer cells (the ‗seeds‘) and specific organ micro environments (the ‗soil‘) implying that Stephen Paget‘s 1889 seed-soil hypothesis. Metastasis of a tumour cell depends on its interactions with the homeostatic factors that promote tumour cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.

Abstract: The present study examines the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability characteristics of two superposed, electrically conducting viscous fluids saturating a homogeneous porous medium. The fluids are separated by a horizontal interface and subjected to a uniform magnetic field, while Darcy–Brinkman flow resistance arising from the porous structure modifies the momentum transport. By applying linear perturbation theory in conjunction with the normal-mode technique, a generalized dispersion relation is derived that incorporates the effects of magnetic field strength, viscosity stratification, density contrast, and permeability parameters. The analysis reveals that the presence of a porous matrix exerts a strong stabilizing influence by enhancing momentum dissipation and suppressing the growth rate of interfacial disturbances. The magnetic field further augments this stabilization through magnetic tension, particularly for short-wavelength perturbations. The combined action of magnetic damping and porous resistance raises the critical conditions required for the onset of instability, thereby reducing the likelihood of shear-driven or buoyancy-driven interfacial deformation. The results are relevant to geophysical flows, petroleum reservoir engineering, filtration systems, and industrial processes involving magnetized fluid transport through porous structures.

The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of four universal adhesives (UAs) applied in two different etching modes, self-etch (se) or etch-and-rinse (er). The occlusal onethird of 48 freshly extracted intact human molars was removed, and the exposed surfaces were treated with one of the four UAs [Single Bond Universal (SBU), Prime Bond NT (PNT), Peak Universal Adhesive (PUA) or All-Bond Universal (ABU)] in se or er mode, with Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB) as controls (n=8). After composite build-up, specimens were stored in distilled water (37oC/24 h). Composite resin–dentine beams were prepared (0.9 mm2), and the µTBS test was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan‘s test (α = 0.05). Additional specimens were processed and examined to assay interfacial NL. The failure patterns of the debonded specimens were evaluated using a stereo electron microscope. One additional tooth was prepared for each group for evaluation of NL. The teeth were immersed in a tracer agent (AgNO3 50% w/v) for 24 h. After longitudinal sectioning and polishing, the generated interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis indicated that the addition of an etching step significantly affected the µTBS of all UAs, except for SBU, compared to se application modes (p<0.05). The highest µTBS value (38.84±2.07 MPa) was obtained in the SBU er group, and the lowest (15.96±1.21 MPa) in the ABU se group. While no NL was determined in the SBU adhesive se or er groups, varying levels were detected in the other groups. The results show that UA performance was material-dependent. Application of an etching step prior to UAs increases their bonding effectiveness and reduces levels of NL.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities of methanol extract of Nymphaea nouchali (Nymphaeaceae) flower (MENN).The antinociceptive activity of MENN was evaluated by heat induced (tail immersion test) and chemical induced pain models (acetic acid-induced writhing). The effect of MENN on central nervous system (CNS) was studied using hole cross test, open field test. MENN showed strong, significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in both acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion test a tall experimental doses (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg). Acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that the extract at the lower dose inhibited59.97% and at the higher dose produced a maximum of 64.75% inhibition of writhing that is comparable to the reference drug Diclofenac Sodium. MENN also showed reduced locomotor activity in both hole cross and both open field tests. So, it is evident that MENN possesse strong antinociceptive activity as well as CNS depressant activity. The results justify the ethnomedicinal use of N. nouchali flower in different painful conditions and CNS disorders

Though meager, but studies are indicative of psycho-physiological turmoil of women in Uttarakhand, a northern state in India. Women perform tons of chores in the house as well as field, in hilly areas. The positive statistical data for women in terms of literacy rate cannot hide the grimmer condition of women in relation to poor nutritional status, poor psychological health, poor financial independence, poor decision making power etc. The current situation of women aggravates when it is further accompanied by introduction of eating disorders. The problem of eating disorder has a direct impact on nutritional and psychological health. The dearth of literature in this arena leaves the problem unrecognized and thus unaddressed.

Swellings of the major salivary gland commonly lead to the differential diagnosis which includes benign and malignant tumors that are frequently associated with cystic degeneration or entirely cystic de novo. Only 6-9% of major salivary gland swellings are cystic lesions and 2-5 % are non-neoplastic in nature. This is a case report of such an asymptomatic unilateral parotid gland lesion in a 30-year-old female patient. The authors discuss the significance of clinical, radiographic, macro and microscopic correlations of cystic mass in major salivary glands.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) - one of the major human diseases, which account for a significant portion of all cardiovascular deaths of the world. In spite of recent decrease in cardiovascular mortality, IHD remains the leading cause of death in the developed world. The application of surgical and percutaneous myocardial revascularization promised to be a safe and effective method to control symptoms and to improve prognosis in this disease. However, clinical results do not match these expectations: most revascularized patients remain symptomatic, a large fraction continues to require antianginal medications, and about 10% suffer of either death or myocardial infarction within 2.5 years. In the meanwhile, the clinical variety of IHD is rapidly changing, with a growing prevailing of elderly patients, diabetics, and heart failure patients. Pharmacologic intervention of cardiac energy metabolism, by enhancing the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) via administration of L-arginine, appears as an innovative and attractive addition to treatment of IHD patients.

Abstract: This study investigated the efforts of NGOs on empowering HIV/AIDS orphaned children to deal with stigma and discrimination in Njoro Sub County. The effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic pervade every aspect of children’s lives, their emotional well-being, physical security, mental development, and overall health. To ensure these children enjoy their rights, NGOs have been involved in empowering them by mitigating the challenge of stigma. The study was informed by the Empowerment theory by Andrea Diane (1995). The study used descriptive research design. Purposive sampling was used to get a sample of 47 children respondents and 10 key informants comprising of 2 NGOs officials and 8 community volunteers. The study collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. The results obtained indicated that the NGOs have implemented programs to empower HIV/AIDS orphaned children on how to deal with stigma and discrimination e.g. by holding their self-esteem high. The study found that children respondents’ lives have changed positively and they can freely play with their peers unlike before they were introduced to the programs. The study recommended that the NGOs should consider empowering the larger community on how to live with the children without stigmatizing or discriminating against them.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of EtOH extract of Avicennia officinalis leaves were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteau assay, respectively. IC50 value was 160.92 µg/ml in DPPH assay and total phenolic content was 208.57mg GAE/100 g of dry powder. The sample produced 18.75% and 51.88% (P<0.01) writhing inhibition at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in acetic acid-induced writhing model using Swiss-albino mice. It showed accountable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi in disc diffusion assay. MIC was found to be as 62.5 μg/ml against E. coli and 125 μg/ml against S. typhi. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay LC50 value was found 131.203 µg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of important phytochemicals like carbohydrate, reducing sugar, combined reducing sugar, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, terpenoids and flavonoids which may be responsible for antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxic and accountable antibacterial activity

Recruitment all over the world observes interviews in various formats prior to engaging the respective person in the desired job. This necessarily paves a way to understand the person on what is able do is and what cannot do. Nevertheless, appointing authorities the world over, except a few have ignored the essence of interviews during the appointment of political appointees such as ministers, provincial commissioners, regional commissioners, district commissioners, permanent secretaries, chief executive officers of various government corporations, and local authorities. Hence, the expectations of performance of these appointees is actually at gambling. This paper sets an agenda on the importance of interviews to the political appointees prior to affirmation to the vacancies desired. The study is a review, and thus it utilizes systemic thinking, documentation, observation and experiential in expounding and narrating the concepts on discussion. The analysis of conceptual discussion assumes descriptive methods. The paper concludes that so far it is imperative for the political appointees to undergo interviews prior affirmation to the various jobs.