Abstract: The objective of this paper is to discuss the types of ethnic stereotypes and their role in fuelling ethnic conflicts at Langas estate in Eldoret Township. Ethnographically inspired qualitative research design was adopted for the study. The Relevance theory propagated by Daniel Sperber and Deidre Wilson (1986/95) was used in this study. The following research instruments: structured and semi-structured questionnaires, open-ended questionnaires, oral face-to-face interviews and observation schedules were used for data generation. There was a purposive sample of five clusters of ethnic group concentrations from which a random sample of twenty respondents, four from each group were chosen from a diverse population of the majority and minority communities living at Langas estate in Eldoret Township. The population is estimated to be one hundred and five thousand, one hundred and twenty five (105, 125) people – comprising the Kalenjin, Kikuyu, Luhya, Luo and Kisii communities. Each cohort of respondents was be randomly drawn from the local secondary schools, churches, local leadership, hospitals, administration, Jua Kali industry, hawkers, idlers and public transport. This study’s findings showed that there are three main types of stereotypes by one community against another community in Eldoret Township, namely; tribal, gender and cultural stereotypes. It is hoped that the results of this study will benefit; researchers in applied linguistics, social psychologists, political scientists, policy makers and the public.

Abstract: Necrotizing fasciitis infection (NFE) is a disease characterized by the rapid spread of necrosis of soft tissues and fascias and can be mortal if not properly treated. Predisposing factors include immunosuppressive factors such as diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, chronic renal failure and malignancy. Necrotizing fasciitis is rarely localized in the head and neck region. In this study; we presented a case of necrotizing fasciitis in neck region, which we had followed in our clinic with predisposing factors of diabetes and chronic renal failure.

Abstract: The present study describes the ten attested signs of the Cretan Protolinear script which render disyllabic phonetic values, unlike the monosyllabic ones of the Consonant-Vowel type, which is the common phonetic pattern for the rest of the signs. The Cretan Protolinear script has been proposed as the script that all the Aegean scripts of Bronze Age evolved from. The linguistic affinity of these disyllabic signs to the Sumerian language is demonstrated, in terms of lexicographic reference, phonetic correspondence and pictographic resemblance. In addition, the description of these signs’ phonetic features is accompanied by valuable cultural information, wherever available.

Abstract: Regular blood donation has been reported to lower coronary heart disease risk by improving lipid profiles in past studies. Traditionally, lipid profile estimation assesses an individual’s risk of developing coronary heart disease. This study sought to determine coronary heart disease risk profiles in blood donors, using lipids and to compare risk profiles of first time donors and active donors. Eighty-eight participants were enrolled into the study, 37 (42%) were regular blood donors. Regular blood donors were generally older than first time donors and there was significant difference in LDL levels between the two groups. Differences in both mean age and mean LDL levels of regular blood donors and first time donors could increase risk of coronary heart disease in regular blood donors. Surprisingly, this study was in contrast to earlier studies which reported a decrease in coronary heart disease risk in blood donors and this requires further inquiry.

Abstract: Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) have been shown to increase appreciably during pregnancy to meet maternal and fetal metabolic demands. However, this may expose the body to dangers of atherosclerotic plaques. The current study was a transversal study of 99 healthy pregnant women attending the Parirenyatwa Antenatal Clinic and Labour Ward in Zimbabwe and 24 age-matched, healthy, non-pregnant women as controls. Serum samples were collected for estimation of lipids: TC, LDL and HDL were measured and TC/HDL ratio was calculated. According to this Zimbabwean study, normal pregnant women were found to have significant increase in TC, LDL and HDL when compared with normal non-pregnant control group (P<0.001). TC/HDL changed with age of gestation but remained within the normal range. The study concludes that normal pregnancy does not predispose pregnant women to atherogenic lipid profiles most likely due to corresponding increase in HDL that appreciatively lowered TC/HDL ratio during gestation in our setting.

Abstract: This paper highlights the pragmabehavioral errors in English used by Kimeru L1 secondary school students. The study proceeded on the premise that pragmatic competence of Kimeru L1 learners of L2 English was previously unknown prior to this study because of lack of in-depth research in this area. Using a descriptive research design and a sample of ninety respondents the researchers isolated errors in apology as well as request and permission making and documented the seriousness of these errors. The main objectives of the study were to examine pragmabehavioral errors, their effects and causes and possible areas of intervention. The study was guided mainly by Murcia’s [1] Model of pragmatic competence. The sample was drawn from three selected CDF secondary schools in Meru Central Sub-county, Meru County. The main instruments of data collection were: a discourse completion test, a classroom debate, observation schedule, and a teacher questionnaire. Results indicate that kinesics, proxemics and voice modulation errors are grave among the subjects. These results are hoped to immensely benefit second language pedagogy, education policy makers, teachers and learners of English.

Abstract: The term colonialism although oriental in origin but upon deeper reflection it would be discovered that it has profound hermeneutic connotation. This may afford a researcher the opportunity of delving into the vast ocean of Qur’anic dictum with a view to obtaining the divine notion of this phenomenon. The Qur’an has declared that nothing has been neglected in the Qur’an and that mankind is being bestowed with only a very meagre amount of knowledge. Obviously, all knowledge resides with Allah Al-Mighty Who according to Qur’anic attestation is the One who encompasses everything in knowledge. He Al-Mighty has exquisitely depicted this matter in an abstract but remote sense. In the Qur’anic account the Al-Mighty wishes to inform His servants through the words of “Bilqees” the highest princes of Sheba who was having an altercation with the chiefs of her formidable army, she admitted that the convention of the earthly kings was that when they come across a thriving nation they would devastate it, suppress and trample upon the noble folk of that community, and then appoint the plebeians as leaders thereby creating a perennial consternation in that society. This is their grand scheme so that they would be reaping the benefit of disharmony, hence this would create a fertile ground for them to maintain that community as their colony, even though what is propagated to the world is that colonialism has for long been abolished.

Abstract: The organization of social services for the older adults needs a strong leadership and great societal responsibility. One can readily see both of them while looking the building of our civilization throughout the history. In particular, we see how Sultan Abdülhamid II provided social services to older adults in this area without delay even in the falling period of the Ottoman Empire. For instance, he showed how we were not behind the West in this field by building the Darülaceze Institution which is still active in 1895. That is why the leadership of Sultan Abdülhamid II is an important area to study the organization of social services. In this study, the parameters of leadership of Sultan Abdülhamid II are going to be examined in addition to looking how his gracious sensibility was developed historically. We all know he is a leader in realizing a vision, solving aging issue, having supernatural merits/skills and ability of critical-analytical thinking. For instance, the building of Darülaceze Institution’s model is a result of all of them. That is because he was able to show himself as a mission man by making all his subjects build a consensus on his vision.

Abstract: Education is nationally and internationally recognized as one of the most important ways and means for promoting economic development. Here arises a question on what type of education to be imparted for the national development in terms of primary, secondary and tertiary education. Knowledge-based challenge within a globalized economy is accelerating a fresh consideration of the role of higher education in economic development and its expansion. In the past, it was seen that the higher education was very much costly and at the same time, it was really inefficient public service which could only benefit the wealthy and privileged class. Importance of education has now been realized to be successful in the field of economic development. A short look upon some recent research findings indicates that higher education is a determinant of increasing income. Additionally, the higher education may create awareness about how to increase tax revenue, boosts savings and investment, improve a nation’s health, contribute to reducing the rate of population growth and enhance the adoption of technology in order to strengthen the governance. Colleges and Universities have an important role to play in regional and national economic development efforts through producing quality graduates. Undoubtedly, the higher education and economic development complement to each other. To gain national economic development, colleges and universities must be the key partners throughout the development process of the country.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a non-monotone adaptive trust region algorithm based on conic model for solving unconstrained optimization problems. Unlike the traditional non-monotone trust-region method, our proposed algorithm avoids resolving the sub-problem whenever a trial step is rejected. Instead, it performs a non-monotone Armijo-type line search in direction of the rejected trial step to construct a new point. The algorithm can be regarded as a combination of non-monotone, line search and conic trust region method. Theoretical analysis indicates that the new approach preserves the global convergence to the first-order critical points under classical assumptions.

The use of herbal medicine in Nigeria is on the increase but unknowingly to consumers, these herbal products may pose severe and devastating health hazards. This study was aimed at studying the adverse impacts posed by either the ethanolic extract ofroot back or leaf extract of Rauwofia vomitoria on cerebellar glycogen. In this study, 30 adult Wistar rats were used and were randormly divided into 6 groups (A, B, C, D and E; n =5). Identification of Glycogen was determined using Periodic Acid Schiff method (PAS). From this investigation, there was a marked increase in the staining intensities of the experimental groups. The staining intensity of PAS was higher in the groups C and D which were given 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Rauwofia vomitoria root-bark when compared to groups E and F which received 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Rauwofia vomitoria. Findings in this study suggest a dose-dependent accumulation of glycogen in the neurons of cerebellum, especially in the Purkinje cells. This could be due to the effects of indole alkaloid constituents (reserpine) of Rauwolfia vomitoria on glycogen synthesis and utilization

In this age of information explosion no library is able to satisfy all the needs of its users due to various constraints. It is because of this phenomenon that the concept of library IMS has developed. To achieve this, those who are responsible for the libraries should take into account their active and passive users. Furthermore, not only the academicians who make use of the libraries but also those who do not make use of them should be considered. It is against this background that this study main purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of opens source Integrated Management Information Systems (MIS) in Libraries, Strathmore University as a case. The objectives of the study were: to determine the effectiveness of open source integrated information management system in use at Strathmore university library, to find out the users’ attitudes towards the integrated management information system at Strathmore University Library’, to find out the challenges facing the integrated management systems in Strathmore university and suggest recommendations that would help in improving the use of Koha at Strathmore University Library. The study utilized a case study and was carried out within Strathmore University. The study found out that the integration of information management system in the provision of library service is to a great degree perceived to be effective. However, there was need for improvement. The findings further revealed that, most members of staff and students have positive attitudes towards the use of Koha at the Strathmore University library. This implies that they would appreciate being trained to use it and support any efforts to improve the system. The study concluded that there were still enormous challenges in integration of the management information system in Libraries due some reasons for instance the constant change of software, internet failure and the lack of technology know how among some clients. The study recommended that there is need for continuous training to students and staff to keep then abreast of the technological changes of integrated information systems and innovative strategies of dealing with the challenges associated with Koha.

The article analyzes that properly managed complaints can provide a strong link between users and the organization. So, if companies are seeking consumer loyalty, they must look at complaints as a strategic tool, not as the proof of their mistakes. Complaints are a feedback system that can help organizations quickly and easily run away, which is currently relevant to each business, change its product, service style, and marketing goals. If a user is successfully addressed after the problem is addressed, it is usually not possible to make formal complaints. So, one of the best ways to find out what the user wants is what his expectations are to hear his complaints, and one of the most reliable ways to improve personal relationships is to draw attention when someone feels depressed for us and responds accordingly in order to resolve the conflict. However, most customers are dissatisfied with how companies react and deal with customer complaints, although they are well aware that this is very important.

The aim of this study is to identify the most informative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers in the diagnosis of active neurosyphilis and in surveillance during antibiotic treatment. It is about a retrospective, analytical, epidemiological study over a period of 10 years, from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 conducted in the laboratory of microbiology of CHU HASSAN II of Fez. We have identified 30 cases of neurosyphilis over a 10-year period. All patients were HIV negative. We realised: on the CSF, a cytochemical examination, white and red blood cell count, a total protein and glucose levels. On CSF and serum, VDRL and TPHA tests for the detection of specific antibodies. The CSF study showed 6 cases (20%) of meningitis with cytology varying between 20 and 890 cells / ml predominantly lymphocytic. 40% of cases had hyper-proteinuria with extremes 0.2 and 4.3 g / l, glycorachia was normal in all cases. The initial titration of VDRL and TPHA was positive in 18 (60%) and 22 (74%) in the CSF, respectively, and 20 (67%) and 26 (87%) in the serum. An accurate and simple approach to the diagnosis of neurosyphilis remains elusive and the diagnosis continues to require a thorough assessment of the patient, including exposure to the risk, presence of compatible clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory. While direct tests (such as microscopy or PCR) are useful in early infection, serological testing remains the mainstay of the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.

L-ornithine (L-Orn), is an intermediate metabolite in the urea cycle that plays an important role in the human beings and is used for the treatment of the liver diseases etc. Based on these versatile advantages, L-Orn is widely applied in the health care and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, l-arginase from Idiomarina sediminium was immobilized onto chitosan-hydroxyapatite. Effects of immobilization parameters including medium temperature and pH, enzyme concentration and coupling time was evaluated to obtain the best reaction conditions. The optimal immobilization pH was determined as pH 7.5 with the highest enzyme activity of 101.24 U chitosan-HAP beads and highest immobilization efficiency of 81.4%. Furthermore, the immobilized protein amount showed an increase with increasing enzyme concentration as expected. Characterization of immobilized enzyme was evaluated using l-arginine as a substrate. Immobilized enzyme exhibited better thermostability and higher stability at lower and higher pH values. Immobilization also resulted in a shift of 0.5 units in pH optimum for maximum enzyme activity. In contrast to optimum pH value, after immobilization no shift occurred in optimum temperature. Furthermore enzyme retained 81.8% of its initial activity during consecutive eight cycles. The results suggests that chitosan-HAP immobilized l-arginase can be employed on the large scale for industrial production of l-ornithine