Tabernaemontana divaricata is commonly used for the treatment of various illnesses. In the present study crude flower extracts were made using four different solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol and chloroform and were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis .Well diffusion method was used for screening of the antimicrobial activity against selected oral pathogens such as Streptococus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results showed the presence various phytochemicals including alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars, saponin, steroids and triterpenoids and proteins. Among these extracts, methanol extract showed significant antibacterial activity against most tested bacteria. The weakest activity was seen in the acetone extracts.

With the march of civilization, "living law" has been in continuous search for answers to the upcoming challenges. In the digital age, we are a witness to yet another technological unfurling-the technology of the Internet. The Web is a territory where caveat emptor is the rule and, as a result, consumers increasingly rely upon strong brand awareness and brand and brand performance for the confidence to engage in e-commerce. While trademarks are of greater importance in this virtual environment, they are also more vulnerable to infringement, dilution and anti-competitive practices. Trademark owners expend vast resources, engaging automated "web crawling" software and cyber surveillance firms, to monitor the billions of web pages and protect their intellectual property rights. Identity on the Internet also goes beyond the trademark system, because of the role played by the internet domain name system, which facilitates users' ability to navigate on the network. Domain names are user friendly addresses that correspond to the unique Internet Protocol numbers that connect our computers to the Internet and enable the network routing system to direct data requests to the correct addressee. Domain names were originally intended to perform a purely technical function in a user friendly way, but because they intuitive and easy to remember they now perform a function as business or personal identifiers. Most businesses, whether e-commercial or not, advertise their domain name to signal a Web presence. In this way, although, as such, not a form of intellectual property, domain names now perform an identifying functions similar to that of a trademark. Because of the way in which people and search engines operate, most businesses use their trademark or trade name as their domain name and this has caused conflict with the advent of predatory practices, known as 'cyber squatting. In this paper best effort made to limelight the trade mark issues in the cyber space and reforms yet to be in inquest.

Irrational use of Medicines is a global phenomenon. Various studies conducted in developed as well as in developing countries during past few years regarding the safe & effective use of drugs show that irrational drug use is a global phenomenon & only few prescriptions justify rational use of drugs. Rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community".

This paper will trace the history of copyrights from the beginning of awareness to the stage of modern law and economics movements. It gives comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of copyrights as an important form of intellectual property. It explains the basic history of copyright from the printing press to the photocopying machine. It also examines the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (Trips) era in the context of the technological advances. The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is considered to be one of the most important agreements in the intellectual property protection regime. A product of the Uruguay Round that established the World Trade Organization (WTO), the TRIPS agreement helped to develop the intellectual property from the national level to the international level, and from its purely conventional intellectual property (IP) perspective that was enacted in the two previous conventions of Paris and Berne to the world trade domain. It therefor laid down the minimum standard of protection that should be maintained by the countries adhering to the agreement Here we are faced with the question core point of this paper: Is future of copyrights law will be as the context as the past? is Trips era is better than the past? Is the Trips agreements is the final improvement to intellectual property rights? How can the states parties deal with the provisions of the TRIPS? Do they adopt or adapt these provisions to their national laws? How can they strike a balance between the national interests and the international obligations dictated by the Marrakesh agreement? Here I explain relation between the national legislation and the norms of globalization triggered by the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994 which concluded the Uruguay Round

Freshwater Molluscan distribution and diversity status of Parola region, district Jalgaon, were studied during June 2015 to May 2016. The samples were collected at every month from three sites. Total 14 species were recorded throughout the year, out of which 11 species were Gastropods and 3 species were Pelecypods; which belongs to 5 orders, 9 families and 11 genera. The average numbers of animals were indicated per season: i.e. monsoon, winter and summer. Maximum species were recorded in winter season at all these three sites. Molluscan diversity were calculated by the various diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson’s Dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D), Simpson’s Evenness(E) and Pielou’s Evenness index (J).

Since the introduction of mobile phones in the late eighties, many studies have raised concerns about the possible adverse effects on health, as a result of the exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields as RF-EMR can penetrate deep into organic tissues and get absorbed producing many biological effects in human body. As brain is involved in very important functions and RF-EMR might have damaging effects on its different parts, the present study was undertaken with an aim to study effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile phones on cerebellar cortex of albino rats under light and electron microscopy and to evaluate such changes after exposure to graded dose of RF-EMR. The present study was carried out on twenty four adult albino rats of either sex weighing 180-200 grams each. The animals were divided into four groups: 1 control and 3 experimental and were exposed to RF-EMR via complete missed calls of 45 seconds duration each. Both the experimental and control groups were then sacrificed and cerebellar cortex was isolated for tissue processing. The processed tissues were then studied under light microscope (Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Light microscopic findings of the present study showed that cellular size of neuronal cells in purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex of RF-EMR exposed rats decreased along with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus. Electron microscopy showed swollen and vacuolized mitochondria with disordered cristae fewer in number. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also exhibited sacculated distension. From the findings of the present study it appears pertinent that in order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value and efforts are underway to harmonize the different standards in existence.

Aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between emotional intelligence and attitudes and behaviours of nurses who work in a mental health hospital in regard to mental illnesses and patients. This is a descriptive study. Participants are all nurses who work in Dr. Ekrem Tok Mental Health Hospital in Adana. The study sample consisted of 93 nurses who agreed and had criteria to participate in this study. Data were collected by using socio-demographic questionnaire, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. Data were analysed using SPSS package programme, Pearson corelation test and t-test. The avarage age of individuals participating in the study is 39,44±7,73. Avarage working period of participated nurses in this hospital is 8,43±6,56. The mean score of Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale is 128,05±11,60. Findings indicate a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and B factor of Opinions about Mental Illness scale. According to the findings; the nurses with high level of emotional intelligence score had higher scores for protective and humane approach. Thus, the development of positive attitudes towards people with mental illnesses can be achieved based on this finding. Therefore, we can recommend training program in order to increase emotional intelligence for nurses.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect of internal factors and external factors on the organizational performance in policy making and regulation drafting. The research is a quantitative descriptive study, using primary data sources derived from questionnaires distributed in the organizational scope and secondary data obtained from organizational performance report. The sample used is 61 of the population of 74. The method of data analysis using the test of validity, reliability and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that internal factors and external factors have a significant positive effect on the performance of policy making and regulation drafting. Internal factor is the most influential variable to the performance. Where the internal factors partially affect the organizational performance of 69.4%, where if the internal factor increases one unit, the performance of the organization will increase by 0.387. While external factor have influence equal to 6,9%,, if the external factor increase one unit, the organizational performance will increase equal to 0,193.

Microalgae represent the main source of biomass production in an aquatic ecosystem which also possess system for generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Marine water receives increased number of anthropogenic chemicals from point and non-point sources. ROS concentration is dynamic in nature, that enhanced by the chemical sources in the marine environment and later it induces the oxidative stress in the marine organisms such as microalgae. In order to understand ROS changes with respect to seasonal fluctuation of marine pollutants and their impact on microalgal communities, two regions of Southeast coast of India were selected i.e., Tuticorin – a pollution impact site and Rameshwaram – the reference site. In this study microalgae distribution during three seasons i.e., summer, monsoon and winter were analysed. Quantification of physiochemical and heavy metal ions were analysed. ROS such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were measured using Electron Spin Resonance. Species richness, dominance and cell density of microalgae were calculated. All season data analysis showed significant reduction of species distribution and diversity in both sites. The species richness i.e Shannon- wiener diversity was high in the reference site, where as the dominance simpson diversity was high in impact size showed that the pollutants decreased the richness increase the dominance of some microalgal species. Correlation between the chemical parameter and microalgal distribution showed that the physiochemical parameters like Alkalinity, Phosphorus, Nitrogen compounds, BOD, DO were determined the microalgal density, species richness and dominance in both sites. Dynamic changes of heavy metals ions such as Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn and Al with the other marine in an chemicals impact site during different season’s sites enhance the ROS production. It was found that the micro algal communities were highly affected by chemicals in polluted marine water and that could enhance the oxidative stress.

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor in both children and adults, is characterized by the development of bone or osteoid substance by the tumor cells [1]. Despite of Surgical treatments and combinational chemotherapy, long term survival remains unsatisfactory because of delay in diagnosis, distant metastasis and chemoresistence. Thus, in recent years, it has become one of the most promising fields to investigate molecular mechanisms contributing to osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression. Several biomarkers have been proposed to predict the evolution of osteosarcoma including survivin, ErbB2, Ki67 antigen, alpha V integrins, Tumor Endothelial Marker (TEM7), IGF1, Leptin, micro RNA. Recent advances in expression biology have shifted in identifying and developing specific and sensitive biomarkers such as micro RNAs. Circulating micro RNA is emerging as promising noninvasive biomarkers for human cancers. In this review,we provide a perspective on emerging concepts and potential usefulness of microRNA as diagnostic, prognostic markers in OS and involvement of specific microRNA in OS metastasis. We tried to discuss the genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways involved by aberrant microRNA in OS. MiRNA-directed gene regulation will pave the way for improving traditional gene therapy approaches in many cancers. Moreover, since therapeutic targeting of miRNAs promises to improve the clinical management of patients with OS.

The whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus of family Apocynaceae was subjected to isolation and identification of chemical constituents. The extract was purified and isolated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compound was then subjected to UV spectrum, FTIR for identification of functional groups and 1HNMR and 13C-NMR for identification of protons and carbon atoms. ESI-MS was done to identify the molecular weight of the isolated compound. From the interpretation of the spectral data, the isolated compound was found to be 3-β acetyl oleanolic acid.

Malaria is one of the important diseases affecting several areas in India especially in the tribal and interior forest regions causing great morbidity and mortality. The National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program [NVBDCP] was launched in 2003-04 to control all vector-borne diseases, however seasonal and local outbreaks, especially in tribal areas, are common. This study was done to determine the prevalence of malaria during Aug-Nov 2015 season outbreak of malaria in tribal regions of Adilabad district of Telangana State. The objective of the study was to understand the type of malaria in the pediatric patients and the treatment is done and the outcomes. Methods: The study was done in Department of RIMS Adilabad during the seasonal outbreak of malaria from August to November 2015 and all the patients detected with malaria, its treatment and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: a total of 3361 patients have admitted in the pediatric wards for various illnesses out of which 201 patients had malaria. The prevalence of malaria in the pediatric ward patients was 6.25%. The most commonly affected age group was 5 to 10 years recording highest number (n= 73) 36.32% of the total number of cases recorded. In male out of 113 cases, 38 cases (33.63%) belonged to 5 -10 years of age group. In females, 35 out of total 88 cases (39.77%) were in 5 -10 years of age group. out of 201 patients 164 patients (81.59%) had developed P. falciparum malaria indicating this is the predominant form of malaria present in this group of the population. Similarly, P. vivax was recorded in 19 (9.45% of the patients) and 18 (8.96%) had both the type of parasites in the peripheral smears. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that the prevalence of P. facliparum malaria is very common in tribal Adilabad district. There is a higher prevalence of malaria-related complications in pediatric patients. There is an urgent need to educate the people and create awareness among the tribal people regarding the growth and spread of malaria. This will reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality due to malaria in this region.

In aquatic ecosystems, metal concentrations are monitored by measuring the levels in fish, water and sediments. Contribution of heavy metals in the water bodies include industrial effluents, fossil fuels burning, agricultural runoffs, geological weathering domestic waste and human and animal excretions. Water, sediment and fish samples from the river were used to assess the levels of heavy metals concentration in the river. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in samples of water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River. Heavy metal concentration and selected physicochemical parameters (Electrical conductivity, Temperature, TDS and pH) of the water samples were determined. Levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River were determined using VARIAN AA 240FS-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer in an acetylene- air flame. In the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples, the highest concentrations of 50.46 mg/kg, 34.18 mg/kg, and 15.60 mg/kg were recorded for the metal Fe in the fish gills, bones and muscles respectively whereas the lowest concentration of < 0.08 mg/kg was recorded for the metal Cd in the gills, bones and muscle.

The study presents gamification as a tool for customer engagement. The study empirically attempts to find wards (Story Theme, Feedback, Rewards, Progress, Challenge, Points, Leader Boards, Badges, Levels and Clear Goals) that are mostly preferred by the users and their further interest in continuing with the same website/app/game. With the changing needs of consumers the marketers are finding better ways of engaging customers. As a known fact if an adult is asked his preference of work and games, the answer many times would be games. Now in this digital era an increasing number and variety of business applications are integrating game mechanics, or gamification, to improve user engagement, engage new customers, incent employees, build loyalty, and more. Now, users are competing against each other for points, or badges or to be known as a leader. The study, also attempts to find if the type of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic) will have any influence on the choice of the awards. This study also focuses on the influence of the demographic variables on the choice of awards.

A total of seventy five (75) marine fishes comprising eight (8) species were collected from local wholesale markets at Kaneshie and Abeka, Accra, Ghana. The samples obtained from Kaneshie market were Salmon salar (Salmon), Thunnus obesus (Tuna), Scomber scombrus(Atlantic mackerel) and Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) and those obtained from Abeka market were Centroberyx affinis (Red fish), Merluccus paradoxas(Hake fish), Scomber trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) and Melanogrammus aeglefinus(Haddock). Mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a semi-automated mercury analyzer. Mean mercury concentrations in the muscle ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Merluccus paradoxas which are all predatory fishes. Mean mercury concentration in the liver tissue ranged from 0.06 to 0.34 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Melanogrammus aeglefinus. There was no significant difference between mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues for any of the samples. Low levels of mercury were found in both tissues for all the samples. Mercury concentrations were relatively greater in the tissues of higher trophic level fish such as Thunnus obesus, Merluccus paradoxas and Melanogrammus aeglefinus whereas low trophic level fishes recorded low mercury concentrations. The results obtained for total mercury concentration in the muscles analyzed in this study were below the WHO/FAO threshold limit of 0.5µg/g wet weight, which suggest that the exposure of the general public to mercury through fish consumption can be considered negligible.