Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is an effectual and comprehensive flagship program of the Indian government aimed at offering causal and assured employment opportunities to the rural population of the country, especially women, schedule caste (SCs) and schedule tribes (STs) communities. The MGNREGS Programme aims to promote inclusive development through a demand-driven and participatory approach because India’s rural areas have been characterized by rampant deprivations and lack of resources. This study analyses the recent developments in the financial progress, physical progress, and inclusiveness of the MGNREGS in Uttar Pradesh, India. This study used secondary data sourced from the official MGNREGA websites covering the period from 2020-21 to 2024-25. The analysis shows that the effectiveness of the MGNREGS programme in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, has not been effective in achieving the objectives of a minimum of 100 days of satisfactory job, and only a small number of people completed the 100 days from 2020-21-2024-25 and overall average days of employment was 44.44 days. However, the participation of women in the MGNREGS was more than the statutory limit of 33% over the year from 2020-21 to 2024-25 and continuously increased every year but slightly declined to 41.8% in 2024-25. The SC/ST person-days generated reduced over the year, and it found that the SC and ST person-days under the MGNREGS were the highest at 31.75% and 1.13% in 2022-23 and 2021-22, respectively. However, the study recommends aligning the MGNREGS programme with the marginalized group of people and focusing on climate-resilient works that create sustainable infrastructure in rural India and give priority to agriculture and allied sectors to transform the livelihood security of the rural community.

Digital Literacy is one of the core competencies in the new Competency Based Curriculum (CBC), it enhances quality and standard of education and therefore intends to help learners achieve their potential both in school and in life. Despite the Kenyan government efforts to achieve one child one laptop (1:1) by 2030, its implementation process in public primary schools in Rongo Sub-County has been met with managerial challenges which has widened the digital and knowledge divides between Kenya and other developed countries in the world. The study primarily explored administrative challenges in the implementation of digital learning in public primary schools in Rongo Sub-County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) model theory. The study employed descriptive survey design with a target population of 199 public primary schools. The study was carried out among 60 sampled public primary schools using a simple random sampling procedure. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to get information from the respondents. The input of the supervisors was vital in developing and ascertaining the validity of the research instruments. A pilot study was carried out in three randomly selected schools with three headteachers, three deputy headteachers and three grade one class teachers in neighboring sub counties with the same characteristics as the sampled schools. Test-retest technique was used to get a reliability of 0.78, 0.70 and 0.72 for headteachers, deputy headteachers and grade one class teachers respectively. The questionnaires were distributed to headteachers, deputy headteachers and grade one class teachers. The collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 21.0) Windows. The findings were presented using frequency tables, mean, percentages, pie charts and bar graphs. The findings of the study showed that 63.6% (61) of headteachers and deputy head teachers agreed that the government did not allocate enough resources to schools towards the implementation of digital literacy while 67.7% (65) of them said that the available primary curriculum did not support digital literacy in schools. The study concluded that managerial challenges such as administrative challenges, were still major challenges affecting the implementation of digital learning in public primary schools in Rongo Sub- County. The study recommended that the government should uniformly provide ICT resources to all public primary schools. The results of this study are useful in the current implementation of CBC and digital learning in Kenya and beyond. The researcher adhered to research ethical considerations.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their notable electric conductivity, mechanical electricity, and high surface region, have emerged as essential materials in the design of high-overall-performance electricity garage devices. Their particular one-dimensional structure facilitates rapid electron/ion shipping, enhances electrode structure, and comprises volumetric changes, making them valuable in lithium-ion, lithium–sulfur, and metal air batteries and bendy super capacitors. CNTs have shown extensive improvements in power density, cycle lifestyles, and fee functionality either used for my part or in hybrid structures with graphite, metal oxides, and conductive polymers. Despite these benefits, several challenges hinder the large-scale software of CNTs. These encompass high manufacturing costs, poor dispersion in composites, weak interfacial bonding with energetic materials, and aggregation for the duration of fabrication, which adversely influences electrochemical overall performance and reproducibility. To triumph over those barriers, researchers are employing scalable and eco-friendly synthesis strategies, consisting of optimized chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and refining post-treatment approaches to improve purity and shape. Surface functionalization—each covalent and non-covalent improves compatibility with different materials, even as hybridization techniques beautify electrical pathways and structural integrity. Recent advances in CNT-based composites show their ability to suppress polysulfide shuttling in Li–S structures, boost electrolyte accessibility in bendy super capacitors, and increase mechanical and electrochemical stability beneath high-performance conditions. The use of 3D CNT frameworks and vertically aligned nanotube arrays has enabled the improvement of high-loading, binder-unfastened electrodes with superior ion accessibility. Additionally, CNTs display strong compatibility with emerging stable-nation and gel-based electrolytes, beginning new paths toward compact, safer strength devices.

Smoking is a significant global public health concern, leading to many conditions such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. This article examines the impact of smoking on human health, highlighting its biochemical and physiological effects. The study highlights the detrimental effects of prolonged tobacco use, considering both active and passive smoking. The study also examines the challenges associated with smoking cessation and the role of nicotine dependence in this process. The research evaluates public health programs and preventative strategies designed to reduce smoking prevalence. The findings emphasize the urgent necessity for comprehensive smoking control policies, awareness programs, and targeted cessation measures to mitigate the adverse health effects of smoking.

In-service welding is a type of hot work repair process using pipeline sleeves. It is hazardous and necessitates thorough planning and procedures. The inside pipe surface and fluid temperature are all unknown and unpredictable. Therefore, the risk resulting from burn-through where the welding arc causes pipe wall breaching, hydrogen cracking, and the likelihood of occupational health risks are high. Hence, this work aimed to predict the pipe’s inner surface temperature and fluid temperature in contact with the pipe’s inner surface during the buttering layers welding of the pipeline sleeve to determine if it is safe to carry out welding of the buttering layers in a no-flow condition. This analysis was achieved through 2-dimensional Steady-State Thermal Analysis in Ansys APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language). The Ansys simulation results showed that the fluid temperature was high, almost getting to the fluid autoignition temperature, and in some instances, even higher than the fluid autoignition temperature. The implication is that, in-service buttering layers welding of pipeline sleeves must not be performed in a no-flow condition during pipeline repair. Also, hot work repair welding for pipeline sleeves by the in-service method could be safely done following all necessary precautions and preventive measures where in-service welding for pipeline sleeves during the buttering layers might cause a severe hazard and dangerous incidents such as explosion. The temperature prediction helps to assure safety in in-service welding for pipeline sleeves to avoid pipeline explosion due to extremely high temperature or decrease in the toughness of the Heat-affected-zone (HAZ) in the welded joint because of the high cooling rate of the weldment, which reduces the pipe mechanical strength.

Background: The rapid population growth in Saudi Arabia, projected to reach 39.5 million by 2030, have significantly pressured the healthcare system. Vision 2030’s healthcare transformation underscores the urgent need for reforms in Saudi nursing, emphasizing retention and professional development to ensure high-quality care. Purpose: This study examines factors influencing Saudi nurses' retention within a university hospital, focusing on job satisfaction, leadership, and work environment. Methods: Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, data was collected from 82 Saudi nurses. Results: Retention factors included the type of patients cared for (50%), workplace relationships (42.7%), and the feeling of making a difference (37.8%). Time off and professional development opportunities (28%) were also significant. Conversely, limited career promotion (69.5%) and inadequate salary (67.1%) were key reasons for leaving, alongside stressful conditions (48.8%), unsafe staffing (48.8%), and lack of leadership support (35.4%). Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Adapting Saudi healthcare policies to align with cultural and religious values is more crucial than ever. Policies that integrate these aspects are vital for supporting the predominantly nurse female workforce and ensuring their long-term engagement and satisfaction.

Background: Diabetes during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), is associated with increased maternal morbidity. While both conditions pose risks, comparative data on maternal complications remain limited. This study compares maternal complications among non-diabetic pregnant women, those with GDM, and those with PGDM to identify differences in complication rates and inform risk-specific clinical care. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2004 to December 2005. A total of 150 pregnant women were enrolled and divided into three equal groups: Group A (non-diabetic), Group B (pregestational diabetes mellitus, PGDM), and Group C (gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM). Data were collected through questionnaires, clinical assessments, and medical records. Maternal complications during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum were recorded. Statistical analysis used SPSS, employing Chi-square and t-tests; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Maternal complications were significantly higher in diabetic groups (66% in GDM, 68% in PGDM) compared to non-diabetics (28%). Cesarean delivery was more frequent in PGDM (60%) and GDM (52%) than in non-diabetics (20%). Postpartum complications, particularly wound infection and endometritis, were more prevalent in the PGDM group. Intra-partum interventions, such as instrumental and operative deliveries, were also higher among diabetic pregnancies. Conclusion: Both GDM and PGDM significantly increase maternal complication rates, with PGDM posing a higher risk. Early screening, strict glycemic control, and multidisciplinary management are essential for improving maternal outcomes.

Adapted riding has proven to be a successful sports intervention, yielding significant functional, social, educational, and therapeutic outcomes. Adapted riding offers tailored horsemanship experiences for participants, including those with autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder appear to have motor difficulties based on standard motor assessments. It is also possible for them to present difficulties in executing standard motor tasks based on their age group. In addition, they experience challenges in controlling their posture, planning motor sequences, and mimicking movements, potentially hindering their ability to achieve age-appropriate motor milestones. The purpose of the study was to explore the possible benefits of adapted riding in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. For this purpose, a scoping review was performed. A total of 14 studies of recent years were examined. The age range was between 2 and 19 years, and the intervention programs lasted approximately 4 to 30 weeks. Results showed positive effects on motor, social, and behavioral areas, along with enhanced communication skills, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for this population. Notably, these programs resulted in advancements across several quality-of-life areas, such as reduced aggression and improved communication. Positive effects were also found on sensory seeking, sensory sensitivity, and focus, leading to less distraction and sedentary behaviors. Adapted Riding also had a positive impact on postural control, increased stability, and encouraged more participation in leisure activities. In conclusion, adapted riding is characterized as a valuable rehabilitative, educational, therapeutic and athletic method for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Now a days the significance of Yoga & Naturopathy are being realized by human being for health. The true and right meaning of Yoga & Naturopathy is conceived by intellectuals and common people may be different. People of the modern era are pre-occupied with the meaning and essence of Yoga & Naturopathy. It could be renouncing the worldly matter and lead an acetic life and limiting our desires. Some view it is as nothing but some physical exercise and postures and some take it as breathing techniques which leads to sound mind & body. All these meanings are superficial and can be considered as an fair attempt to know only the profit of Yoga & Naturopathy in this materialistic world, where everything is looked upon as source of profit or loss. But the true meaning of Yoga & Naturopathy are beyond that both are about understanding the human health and it’s potential. Yoga & Naturopathy both are important factors of human health which brings consciousness among ourselves to realize our true nature a science of right living and significant force in the development of personal health. By the principles of Yoga & Naturopathy in to or varied lifestyle, we can systematically balance the physical, mental and emotional dimensions of our health. Yoga & Naturopathy are the natural way to cure and maintain our health.

This study investigates the trade dynamics between ASEAN and India focusing on agricultural trade between 2011 and 2023. It examines the expanding economic ties between the two regions, with particular emphasis on trade intensity, relationship, and variations. Using Revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and Trade Intensity Index (TII), the research shows that India has significant competitive advantages in oilseeds and grains, offering prospects for growth in these areas. The findings highlight India’s strong trade relationships with Vietnam and Myanmar as well as potential trade vulnerabilities. India's reliance on ASEAN for essential commodities, especially palm oil, is highlighted by its import dependency on Indonesia and Malaysia. This study also identifies emerging opportunities for Indian agricultural export in aquaculture and fisheries. India must focus on diversifying exports in fisheries and aquaculture to enhance its agricultural trade with ASEAN. Reducing import dependence is vital, especially through boosting domestic palm oil and alternative oilseed crops. Enhancements in trade policy and sustainable practices are necessary. Strengthening trade relations via targeted agreements and agricultural research will improve productivity and resilience, solidifying India's agricultural position in ASEAN markets

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition that can complicate autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and infections. It is considered part of the spectrum of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and may affect both children and adults. Although MAS triggered by bacterial infections is uncommon, prompt recognition is crucial to ensure appropriate management. We report the case of a 7-year-old child admitted to the pediatric emergency department with severe Salmonellagastroenteritis complicated by MAS. The patient presented with persistent fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and signs of systemic inflammation. Laboratory investigations revealed pancytopenia, marked hyperferritinemia, and elevated liver enzymes, raising strong suspicion for MAS. Inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, were significantly elevated, and Salmonella was isolated through stool culture. Bone marrow examination did not reveal hemophagocytosis; however, its absence did not exclude the diagnosis due to known variability in this finding. Based on the clinical presentation and laboratory findings, a diagnosis of MAS secondary to bacterial infection was established. The patient responded favorably to intravenous antibiotic therapy and supportive care, with rapid clinical and biological improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering MAS in children presenting with sepsis-like symptoms and cytopenias, even when bone marrow findings are inconclusive, particularly in the setting of confirmed bacterial infection.

With the advent of the digital intelligence empowerment, the demand for English majors has undergone profound changes in the new era. Traditional single-skill language training no longer meets the demands of “New Liberal Arts” education, making the integration of “humanistic literacy, digital proficiency, and innovative thinking” essential for cultivating interdisciplinary talent. Against this backdrop, Chinese colleges and universities urgently need to cultivate new interdisciplinary talents that meet the demands of the times. This paper focuses on the teaching philosophy and course objectives of Advanced English I under the context of digital intelligence empowerment, and explores the teaching design process of smart classrooms based on the Taba model. By integrating digital technology and intelligent tools, the course content and resources are optimized, aiming to construct a “personalized” learning path for every student. This reform exploration promotes the transition from “knowledge assessment” to “competency mapping” and the transformation from “instrumental English” to “value-based English”, nurturing future-ready foreign language professionals.

Operating room nursing interventions play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety and improving surgical outcomes. Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant concern in perioperative care, leading to increased morbidity, extended hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. The Review aimed to evaluate the Effectiveness of Operating room nursing interventions on Surgical site infection and patient outcomes. PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched, and research meeting criteria were included. Data were identified from all included articles, and themes were developed based on these data. PubMed and CINAHL databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published between 2018 and 2024. This scoping review synthesized evidence on the effectiveness of perioperative nursing interventions in reducing surgical site infections (SSIs) and improving patient outcomes. Thematic analysis was used to extract key intervention strategies, and a rigorous inclusion and exclusion process ensured the selection of high-quality studies. A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Findings indicated that implementing perioperative nursing interventions significantly reduced SSIs and enhanced patient recovery. Perioperative nursing interventions play a critical role in reducing SSIs and improving patient safety. Hospitals should integrate evidence-based nursing practices into surgical protocols to enhance infection prevention and optimize postoperative recovery.

In-flight medical emergencies (IMEs) are unforeseen acute medical events, though rare demand prompt recognition and effective treatment intervention due to their unpredictable nature and high risk of dismal prognosis if not appropriately manage promptly. These emergencies pose significant challenges for cabin crew and any medical professionals mid-air due to limited medical resources onboard. These events present diversely, from syncope and seizures to dyspnea, chest pain, traumatic injuries and sudden death, often causing fear and distress among everyone onboard. Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment intervention, poor outcomes, and costly flight diversions. Consequently, a thorough understanding of IMEs is crucial for both cabin crew and medical professionals. This requires sound theoretical knowledge, focused history-taking, a high index of suspicion, clinical skills, competencies, meticulous physical examination, clinical reasoning, investigation with point of care devices, well-defined management strategies and treatment protocols, comprehensive cabin crew training and retraining, effective use of telemedicine and technological applications, and research specific to IMEs. With growing air travel volume, an aging global population, and a rising prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases, IMEs are expected to become more frequent. This necessitates optimizing emergency responses and preparedness measures, to enhance passenger safety and reduce flight disruptions. This review explores various aspects of IMEs, including their aetiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, management, and the vital roles of cabin crew and any medical professionals present, along with the pressing need for integrating training program and curricula on IMEs in medical, allied health and flight attendant institutions worldwide. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of in-flight clinical vigilance, the supportive role of telemedicine, and the impact of onboard automated external defibrillators in improving passenger outcomes. Ultimately, strong and continuous collaboration between the medical and aviation sectors is essential for a safer travel experience for everyone.

N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic impurities most commonly found in groundwater, treated water, foods, beverages and consumer products. The recent discovery of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products and subsequent recalls pose a significant health risk to patients. Initial investigation by the regulatory agency identified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) as a source of contamination. However, N-nitrosamine formation during API synthesis is a consequence of numerous factors like chemistry selection for synthesis, contaminated solvents and water. Furthermore, apart from API, N-nitrosamines have also been found to embed in the final product due to degradation during formulation processing or storage through contaminated excipients and printing inks. The landscape of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products is very complex and needs a comprehensive compilation of sources responsible for N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, this review aims to extensively compile all the reported and plausible sources of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. The topics like risk assessment and quantitative strategies to estimate nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products are out of the scope of this review.