Introduction: Gallbladder tuberculosis (GBTB) is an exceedingly rare finding presenting as calculous or acalculous cholecystitis. A correct, preoperative diagnosis of GBTB is difficult, and the literature review highlights the fact that most cases are diagnosed postcholecystectomy or at postmortem. Discussion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anal canal along with the other organs of the peritoneal cavity, but the gall bladder is unlikely to be primarily involved. The incidence of localization of the tubercular bacilli in the gall bladder is uncommon as the intact gall bladder mucosa is resistant to the bacterium because of the concentrated bile acids present in the organ. The first case of gallbladder tuberculosis (GBTB) was reported in 1870 by Gaucher, and till now, less than 120 cases have been reported in the English medical literature [4, 5].

Puffer fish poisoning remains a severe seafood poisoning condition blamable for numerous human intoxications. Research on puffer fish poisoning enables studying the involvement of puffer fish poisoning in human security. The current study thus intention of investigating whether Arothron hispidus from the south-east coast of India (Palazhyar) cause for the neurodegeneration. Cresyl violet stained sections of the rat brain regions examined for pathological changes in rats treated with A.hispidus toxic extract. We noticed disarrangement and neuron loss in the primary motor area, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum regions of rats treated with A.hispidus skin extract. Damaged regions directly or secondarily associated with sensory and motor functions, this may cause loss of sensory and motor function. From our observation, we conclude that neuronal loss of a rat's brain treated with skin extract as clear through histopathological analysis, due to the neurotoxic effect of Arothron hispidus.

Introduction: Follicular hyperplasia of the gall bladder is an extremely rare and benign entity characterized by hyperplastic lymphoid follicle with germinal center consisting of the lymphoid population. The lymphoid hyperplasia of the gallbladder is a rare condition, which can be diagnosed only by performing a histological examination. Here, we present the case of a 36-year-old woman with complaints of repeatable pain in the area of the right hypochondrium for a few months. Ultrasonography revealed chronic cholecystitis with a concrement in the lumen. Methods and Materials: We were reported a rare case of follicular hyperplasia of gall bladder in a 36 yrs old female presented into the department of surgery with a right side upper abdomen pain then she was diagnosed as cholecystitis and managed by cholecystectomy and specimen was received and processed for histopathological examination. Results: Due to chronic cholecystitis patient present with right upper abdominal pain and upon histopathological examination diagnosed incidently as follicular cholecystitis. Conclusion: Histopathological examination reveals a rare case of follicular cholecystitis A cholecystectomy was then performed. Histology shows nests of cells with lymphoid origin in the lamina propria, a multitude of lymphoid follicles and areas with pyloric metaplasia in the gallbladder wall. The case presented herein is of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia resembling a lymphoma combined with chronic cholecystitis, pyloric metaplasia, and cholelithiasis.

Introduction: This study aimed to differentiate among the species belonging to the Candida parapsilosis complex, which is one of the leading causes of systemic mycoses through molecular characterisation and to determine their antifungal resistance pattern. Material and Methods: Ninety-five C. parapsilosis complex isolates identified using two yeast identification systems, BioMérieux ID 32C and Vitek 2™ with YST card, were included in this study. Molecular characterisation was achieved by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Isolates that could not be identified using this technique were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated using the Vitek 2™ AST-YS06 card. Results: Out of the 95 isolates, 94 were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, and only one isolate was identified as C. orthopsilosis; the latter result was achieved using ITS sequencing. C. orthopsilosis was susceptible against all tested antifungal agents. Among the C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates, three were found to be resistant: one to amphotericin B, two to fluconazole of which one showed intermediate resistance to voriconazole. Discussion: Isolation rates of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis in this study show that they are rare species. It was not possible to compare resistance among these three species due to very low isolation rates of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. The use of molecular identification tests for these species in routine laboratory settings remains controversial. Nevertheless, their isolation rates and antifungal resistance patterns are important from the epidemiological viewpoint.

Introduction: The term gallbladder mucocele refers to an overdistended gallbladder filled with mucoid or clear and watery content. Usually noninflammatory, it results from outlet obstruction of the gallbladder and is commonly caused by an impacted stone in the neck of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct. Case Report: A Patient 27 yrs female came with pain in abdomen to the opd, the patient presented with 3 day history of vomiting and inappetance. The ultrasound was done and chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis diagnosis was given and the patients were operated and the laproscopic cholecystectomy specimens were sent to pathology department. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and the gall bladder was sent for routine histopathological evaluation. The diagnosis of mucocele was made on histopathological examination.

The peculiarity of Kazakh education is manifested in respect for the older generation. Elders of the family-elders pass on their experience and national traditions to the younger generation. But in the modern world with strict requirements to the competitiveness of young professionals, the life experience of elders is not enough. In such a situation, an important role is given to the school teacher as a source of new knowledge and a guide to new areas of knowledge. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study the role of teachers in one of the rural schools in the South of Kazakhstan. It is shown that the peculiarity of the traditional Kazakh way of life, preserved in rural areas, allows to attract the local population to the educational process by organizing optional activities and intra-school organizations of interest.

Background: In the recent years, yoga was found to causes a betterment and improvement in the health of human being without ailments. The meditation play a major role in society by improving the significant changes in bodily activities such as maintain the stress level, alertness, homeostasis, anxiety, vascular system, memory power etc. The improvement of meditation in the reac¬tion time is important, especially in auditory reaction time (ART). Therefore, a need techniques or courses can improve the reaction time. Hence, this study intended to show its utility as a short course for improving the auditory reaction time. Aim & Objectives: To find out effect of meditation on auditory reaction time in medical students by recording auditory reaction time before & after meditation for six months. Methods: The study was conducted on total 100 first MBBS students (boys & girls) of D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur. Students in the age group of 18-25 years were included by simple random sampling technique. The Auditory reaction time was assessed before and after the yoga ses¬sions. Results: There was a reduction in the alert response of auditory reaction time for both the ears. The decrease was statistical¬ly significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, a short course of meditation has a beneficial effect on the auditory reaction time. The regular practice of Meditation can be used as a tool to improve the health and well-being of an individual and enhances the reaction time.

This research uses a quantitative method with descriptive analysis that focuses on the study of construction projects from the phenomenological side by using the thoughts of prominent figures including sevilary demirkesen, Beliz Ozorhon,and Eroshkin. By using qualitative collection methods by interviewing informants to get a conclusion. The results of exploration show that many factors influence the success of the construction. One of them is project management. The role and function of operational management can be used as a benchmark for the level of effectiveness and efficiency in terms of using the project budget. The achievement of the level of success of the implementation of construction operational management functions must be accompanied by the application of the company's internal control system (SPI) in an optimal manner, to avoid construction failure. Where the success and failure of the basic aspects above will have an impact on the quality of the company's financial statement

The present study is the result of a quality study, done by the Transylvania University of Brasov, the target population concerned by the experimentation was composed of 454 students, from this population, a sample of 20 students, (females) they accepted the implementation in their daily activity of a certain individualized kinetic program aiming to optimize the physical condition. The condition was that these activities, along with the kinetic program, be practiced regularly on the duration of the course, to further prove their efficacy in optimizing the physical condition for the people with a sedentary behavior. The subjects involved have presented other associated medical conditions, and they were not selected based on age and sex, these not being considered as selection criteria. The sole selection criterion has been the existence of a sedentary behavior, meaning more than 8 hours per day while sitting down, without doing any ulterior physical activity. The present study analyzes, within 2 evaluations – initial and final – the body’s shape and structure (height, weight, thoracic perimeter, amplitude, adapting the organism to effort through the Ruffier test, the cardiac frequency and the adipose tissue.

An experiment was carried out in a net-house, Aligarh Muslim University Department of Botany. The six different treatments that were used in this study includes control, Salicylic acid, NaCl (50 mM), SA + 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl and SA + 100 mM NaCl. The resultant plants from salt-treated seeds of the present investigation indicated that seeds recorded lower values for all the growth attributing parameters. It was deep-rooted that 50 mM and 100 mM salt concentrations harm the growth, biochemical and yield parameters of fenugreek. Salt stress reduces plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, Nitrate reductase activity, number of pods and seed yield in fenugreek. The foliar application of Salicylic acid alleviates the negative effect of salinity. This effect was more pronounced in 50 mM salt stress than 100 mM.

Due to the gaps in the law and the weaknesses of the available ones individuals, hospitals and industries dump their waste anyhow and anyway in Cameroon, This uncultured behaviour leads to pollution of the air, water and land,. The ramification of this pollution is diseases on man animal and plants. This paper investigates why the law regulating in waste management is not enforced and the lacunae of the same. The paper does so through a reading of records mainly from documentary and internet search. The data does collected constitute the sources from which the law is drawn ,stated and analysed in the light of the stated aim of the paper. The results inter alia show that the law that regulates waste management are not well enforced. The said results also show the lacunae in the laws and equally high light the limitation of the available laws regulating waste management in Cameroon. The results are significant as they expose gaps in the current laws regulating waste management and conclude with suggestions on where the law should go.

Ideal rehabilitation with the aid of dental implants is reliant on the presence of adequate bone volume and quality at the edentulous area. Various surgical techniques for bone grafting both in the form of natural and synthetic graft materials have been industrialized to enhance successful placement of dental implants in resorbed alveolar ridge. This review throws light on the numerous novel bone grafting techniques for dental implants.

Background: Lung cancer is one of the leading cause of death in developing countries. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein with cytoplasmic kinase activity that transduces important growth factor signaling from the extracellular milieu to the cell. Materials and methods: This study includes all cases of primary lung squamous cell carcinomas presented in the Department of Pathology from Jan 2011 to Dec 2013 in Sri Ramachandra Medical College. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue stained with H&E were used for routine morphology. Immunohistochemical staining was done using monoclonal anti EGFR antibody by Streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex technique. Positive cases were graded as 1+, 2+, 3+ based on staining intensity. Results: A total of 149 cases of carcinoma lung were retrieved. Of these 26 (20%) were SCC. Eighty eight percent of these were EGFR positive, of which 70% showed 3+ positivity, 11% showed 2+ positivity, 7% showed 1+ positivity. Conclusion: EGFR expression appears to be significant in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung which aid in treating these patients with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and may improve the outcome of these patients. We conclude that EGFR marker expression is mandatory not only in lung adenocarcinomas but also in Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Introduction: Smokeless Tobacco contains considerable nicotine much more than is contained in smoking tobacco. Smokeless Tobacco contains 28 carcinogenic agents, including nitrites and alkylating agents causing oral cancer. Ethanol is the principal ingredient of alcoholic beverages Acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol play an important role in ethanol toxicity by cross linking the DNA and thus leading to DNA damage. Comet Assay was performed to assess DNA damage among users of Smokeless Tobacco and Alcohol. Method: Buccal epithelial cells were taken from 25 users of Smokeless Tobacco (Khaini) 25 users of Alcohol, 25 users of Khaini and Alcohol and 25 control subjects and Comet Assay was performed to assess possible DNA damage. Result: Highest increase in the comet tail length implicated DNA damage in users of Smokeless Tobacco and Alcohol, both as compared to the control subjects. Conclusion: This study demonstrated DNA damage among users of Alcohol, Smokeless Tobacco leading to the development of oral cancer.

In the current study, thermoplasmonic characteristics of Erbium nanoparticles with spherical, core–shell and rod shapes are investigated. In order to investigate these characteristics, interaction of synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy and Erbium nanoparticles were simulated using 3D finite element method. Firstly, absorption and extinction cross sections were calculated. Then, increases in temperature due to synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy absorption were calculated in Erbium nanoparticles by solving heat equation. The obtained results show that Erbium nanorods are more appropriate option for using in optothermal human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment method.