This research investigates the role of Patient Relationship Management (PRM) in enhancing patient satisfaction in government hospitals of Chhattisgarh, India, emphasizing the contributions of Information Technology (IT) and the Continuum of Care (CoC). A quantitative research design was employed, collecting data from 440 patients across district hospitals, community health centers, and medical colleges using a structured questionnaire adapted from validated scales (PAM, SERVQUAL, PSQ-18). Descriptive statistics indicated that 59.3% of respondents were aged 25-34 years, with 69.2% female. Inferential analyses, including Chi-square tests (χ²=18.92, p<0.01), t-tests (p>0.05 for gender), ANOVA (F=4.62, p<0.01), Pearson correlations (loyalty: r=0.631; trust: r=0.598; IT: r=0.453), and regression analysis (R²=0.532, β for IT=0.312, p<0.01), confirmed significant relationships between PRM, IT, CoC, and patient satisfaction. IT was a strong predictor of satisfaction (β=0.586, p<0.01), explaining 34.2% of the variance, and structured care plans significantly enhanced outcomes (χ²=18.92, p<0.01). The findings highlight the need for integrating advanced IT solutions (e.g., Electronic Health Records, telemedicine) and structured CoC plans to improve patient experiences and health outcomes in public healthcare settings, particularly for younger and rural populations. Policy implications include investing in IT infrastructure and CoC frameworks to advance universal healthcare goals in resource-constrained environments.

This study aims to apply Behaviorist Theory to the analysis of language errors made by Hausa students learning Arabic. Although language teaching and learning have long been subjects of interest, they often lack a scientific framework grounded in applied linguistics. Over time, several theories have emerged to explain how language is acquired, among which the Behaviorist Theory remains one of the most prominent. Drawing on their teaching experience, the researchers observe that this theory can significantly enhance both language teaching and learning processes. The relevance of this study lies in the continued scarcity of applied linguistic data concerning second language acquisition, particularly among Hausa learners. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the types and causes of errors. The findings indicate that the language errors made by Hausa students in learning Arabic include spelling, morphological, and grammatical mistakes - with spelling errors being the most prevalent and obstructive. The study suggests that these errors can be effectively addressed within the framework of Behaviorist Theory.

The increasing global demand for herbal aphrodisiac products has raised concerns regarding their safety and quality due to potential adulteration with synthetic or conventional pharmaceutical active ingredients. This study investigates the presence of sildenafil and tadalafil in selected herbal mixtures marketed for sexual enhancement available in Nigeria, including Mai Sulhu, Mai Rahusa, Mai Sasangi, Jaolin, Saigari Jawaye, and Manisa. A combination of preliminary phytochemical screening, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to analyze the samples. Phytochemical screening using Dragendorff’s reagent indicated the presence of alkaloids in five of the samples, except Jaolin, suggesting the inclusion of bioactive compounds. TLC analysis revealed that four herbal mixtures had Retention Factor (Rf) values matching those of tadalafil, 0.60 (Mai Salhu and Mai Rahusa), and sildenafil citrate, 0.47 (Saigari yawaye and Manisa), indicating possible adulteration. FTIR spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of these synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, as spectral peaks in some samples closely correlate with those of sildenafil and tadalafil. The detection of these undeclared pharmaceuticals poses significant health risks, including cardiovascular complications and hazardous drug interactions, as well as potential erectile dysfunction. These findings emphasize the need for stricter regulatory oversight, improved quality control measures, and public awareness regarding the risks associated with adulterated herbal aphrodisiacs. Routine screening using advanced analytical techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry is recommended to enhance detection accuracy and precision.

Introduction: Prenatal consultation is a preventive medical act used to detect and treat possible complications arising during pregnancy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of prenatal consultations in a rural community health center. To do this, we assessed the quality of services, determined prenatal consultation procedures and determined the degree of satisfaction of pregnant women who come to this community health center for prenatal consultations. Methodology: This was a prospective, descriptive study in 2022, involving 98 pregnant women systematically surveyed from October 1 to December 31, 2022, to assess the quality of care and services. All pregnant women who came to the Sido Community Health Center for a prenatal consultation during the study period and who agreed to take part in the study were included in the study. Pregnant women who refused to comply with the recruitment conditions, and those who came for reasons other than a prenatal consultation, were not included in the study. Results: At the end of our study, we found that the majority of our pregnant women were aged between 20-29 years, i.e. 56.8%, with an average age of 23.23 years. Antenatal consultation activities were carried out by midwives in 50% of cases, obstetric nurses in 19.4% of cases and matrons (unqualified personnel) in 36.6% of cases. Hand washing before examining a new gestational carrier was 18.36%, and gestational carrier satisfaction was 94.9%. Conclusion: There are certain areas for improvement, such as the omission of certain procedures, either through ignorance of their importance, or through negligence and inadequate technical facilities, in this case the absence of an ultrasound scanner in the health area.

Background: Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone is a rare sporadic benign congenital condition in which normal bone is replaced by fibro-osseous tissue with immature osteogenesis. Sarcomatous transformation is exceptional. The most common presenting features in craniofacial forms include atypical facial pain and headaches. Case Presentations: we report here 2 cases, that of a 36 year old male and of a 43 female, who both presented with a similar history of headaches. The male patient refused surgery so removal of the diseased bone was not an option. However, as the limited growth of this lesion have been established, only further, albeit close, observation was planned. The female patient underwent a successful removal of her tumour through an endoscopic approach. At the 1.5 year follow-up, she remains disease free. Conclusion: craniofacial fibrous dysplasia can present itself in myriad ways, therefore, the diagnosis should always be considered in case of headache, neuralgia or sensory disorders. Modern imaging modalities and histopathologic analysis have made the diagnosis reasonably straightforward. A medico-surgical approach is useful for these patients. Surgery ―when indicated― is tailored to the specific clinical presentation. The goal is to be as minimally invasive as possible while still achieving the desired outcome, prioritizing the preservation of existing function.

Heavy oil represents the greatest portion of the remaining oil and with the increasing demand for energy sources, the interest and efforts are directed toward producing from reservoirs with such kind of oil. The common method to produce the heavy oil is the thermal recovery method, but recently a new technology applied for enhancing the heavy oil recovery which is using Nano additives due to their ability to alter certain factors in the formation and in oil properties. In this study the catalytic effect of Nano-Fe2O3 in the viscosity of Sudanese heavy oil was studied and the result indicate that the Fe2O3 decreases the viscosity considerably at certain concentration and temperature, for this study 0.25% wt additive gave the maximum reduction in the viscosity. Also, this work investigated experimentally the effect of Nano-Fe2O3 in the oil recovery by steam injection and the result showed that when injecting a mixture of steam and Nano-Fe2O3 there is an increase in the oil recovery factor due to cracking reactions which convert the heavy component to lighter components, in this experiment there was an increase of 8% in the recovery factor.

Due to their difficult profession, nurses often experience stress, anxiety, and sadness. High-stress units like the ICU and ER are especially stressful, although medium and low-stress departments such as Outpatient, and general hospital in patient wards may have their own pressures. This study compared nurses' stress, anxiety, and depression in high, medium, and low-stress hospital units in King Fahad Medical City. The study used the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure psychological distress and a demographic and workplace questionnaire to measure workload, shift patterns, and sleep duration. SPSS was used for descriptive and inferential statistics like chi-square testing and regression analysis. Key findings showed that high-stress nurses reported significantly higher depression and stress than low-stress nurses. Interestingly, medium-stress departments had higher anxiety levels, defying stress preconceptions. Nationality and shift patterns affected mental health outcomes, with non-Saudi nurses and those working rotating shifts suffering more stress and anxiety. Mental health programs customized to each hospital unit's pressures are needed, according to the report. Workload management, stress-reduction, and sleep hygiene can reduce the psychological burden of nursing, especially in high-stress conditions.

Ulcer remains a public health problem associated with high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Musa acuminata is widely available plant used in local management of many diseases including gastrointestinal disorders, constipation, piles, and hemorrhoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidants and antiulcer activity of aqueous unripe fruits extract of Musa acuminata in indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. The gastric ulcer was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of indomethacin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Ulcer index and percentage ulcer inhibition was calculated using standard equations. The Lipid Peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) marker was determined using Thiobarbituric acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. The superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and catalase (CAT) level was determined using standard ELISA kits. The antioxidant vitamins (Vit A, C, and E) were assayed by spectrophotometric technique. The extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) gastroprotective effect with high ulcer inhibition (95.49 %) at 200 mg/dL more than the reference standard drug, omeprazole (91.67 %). The extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) coupled with the significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of SOD and CAT comparable to the reference standard drug, omeprazole. The results also showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vitamins A and E level significant (p < 0.05) decrease in vitamins C level in the gastric tissue homogenates of the rats treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of the extract. The aqueous unripe fruits extract of Musa acuminata demonstrated gastroprotective effect in indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats and might be attributed to increase in prostaglandins synthesis and cellular antioxidant activity.

The study examines country and gender differences in attitudes toward Jordanian and Qatari cybercrime laws. The study sample comprised 704 participants from Jordan and Qatar, with 494 (70%) Jordanian and 210 (30%) Qatari. Of them, 377 (53.6%) were males, and 327 (46.4%) were females. Participants (143, 20%) reported being victims of cybercrimes, and 37 (5%) were perpetrators. The study developed a research questionnaire as its tool. As estimated by Cronbach’s α, reliability was 0.956 for all scales. The validity, measured by the correlation between the attitude scale and knowledge index, was r = 0.180, α = 0.00. The ANOVA analysis comparing attitudes toward cybercrime law (ATCL) showed that students from Qatar had more negative views than those from Jordan (66 compared to 30); there were significant differences in ATCL between Jordan and Qatar (F = 237.579, α = .036). An ANOVA analysis of the mean gender differences in ATCL revealed that males were more negative about it than females (45 vs. 35). Significant differences were found between males and females in ATCL (F = 14.917, α < .000).

Patent valuation plays a critical role in the creative economy; particularly as intellectual property assets are increasingly utilized as collateral in financial transactions. However, significant challenges remain in the valuation process, particularly for patents, which are intangible assets with high economic potential but complex valuation methods. This study aims to address the legal and valuation challenges surrounding patents in IP-based financing and provide recommendations to enhance legal certainty. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, analyzing relevant regulations and cases. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive legal framework in Indonesia to mitigate uncertainties in patent valuation. Addressing the uncertainty in patent valuation requires a proactive legal framework that ensures predictability, transparency, and consistency. By strengthening regulations and learning from international best practices, Indonesia can unlock the potential of its creative economy and position itself as a competitive player in the global IP market. By addressing these challenges, Indonesia can enhance the credibility and effectiveness of IP-based financing, fostering innovation and economic growth in the creative economy sector.

Out of all the several types of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems, floating drug delivery is thought to be the most efficient and effective system. Enhancing the bioavailability of medications with a stomach absorption window is mostly dependent on two key parameters: short gastric residence times (GRT) and variable gastric emptying times (GET). The floating drug delivery method is a low-density system that can be either non-effervescent or effervescent, but it must have enough buoyancy to pass over the contents of the stomach and stay buoyant there for an extended period of time without slowing down the stomach's rate of emptying. Drugs that are unstable in the lower intestine environment, have a limited absorption window in the upper gastrointestinal tract, are lowly soluble at higher pH levels, and are active locally can be delivered via the floating drug delivery system approach. The physiological and formulation factors influencing stomach retention time are included in the latest advancements in floating drugs delivery systems. Bringing together the most recent research on classification, factors influencing the stomach residence time of floating drug delivery system, and the benefits and drawbacks of application mechanisms of action is the fundamental objective of crafting this review study.

The impact of endometrial thickness on pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF with donor oocytes has significant implications for public health. Successful implantation during in vitro fertilization (IVF) is crucially dependent on both a healthy endometrium and a viable blastocyst. The measurement of endometrial thickness (EMT) via ultrasound scan has emerged as a non-invasive means to evaluate endometrial receptivity. Nonetheless, its significance in clinical practice for women using donor oocytes remains unclear. This study aims to examine how endometrial thickness influences pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing IVF with donor oocytes in Makurdi, with the goal of providing valuable insights for public health action. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 265 women who underwent IVF and embryo transfer using donor oocytes. Participants were divided into three groups based on their EMT: Group 1 (EMT < 7 mm), Group 2 (EMT between 7 - 14 mm), and Group 3 (EMT > 14 mm). Key demographic and clinical data—including age, height, weight, number of oocytes transferred, and pregnancy rates—were gathered and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Statistical methods included Student’s t-test for continuous variables, Pearson’s Chi-square (χ²) test for categorical data, logistic regression to control for confounding factors, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate the predictive value of EMT. The average age of participants was 42.4 years, with chemical and clinical pregnancy rates recorded at 75.5% and 53.6%, respectively. Notable findings include a significant association between age and clinical pregnancy rates (p = 0.008). While other factors such as parity, BMI, previous IVF cycles, hormone treatments, and embryo grading did not show a significant relationship with pregnancy outcomes but endometrial thickness demonstrated a significant correlation (p = 0.000). Specifically, pregnancy rates were lower for women with EMT < 7.0 mm (37.3%) compared to those with EMT between 7 - 14 mm (49.0%) and > 14 mm (51.7%). Logistic regression confirmed that age-adjusted EMT significantly impacts pregnancy outcomes. ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.63, with an EMT cut-off value of 8.0 mm providing a sensitivity of 75.4% and a specificity of 48.8%. These findings highlight the significant influence of endometrial thickness on clinical pregnancy rates in IVF cycles using donor oocytes. While increased EMT correlates with improved outcomes, its overall predictive accuracy is limited. The results advocate for personalized approaches in IVF treatment protocols, emphasizing informed decision-making among healthcare providers and patients. Recognizing the importance of endometrial thickness in reproductive health can inform public health initiatives aimed at enhancing awareness of IVF practices among potential candidates, tailoring IVF treatments based on individual patient profiles, and promoting research into factors affecting endometrial receptivity. Ultimately, these efforts can lead to improved pregnancy rates and reproductive success in assisted reproductive technologies.

Background: Oil spillage is a global issue that has been occurring since the discovery of crude oil, which was part of the industrial revolution. The volume of oil spillage in the ocean, sea, river through human activities is estimated to range from 0.7 – 1.7 million tons per year in Niger Delta region. This study assessed the attitude towards oil spillage among fishermen in Biseni community of Bayelsa State. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Biseni community of Yenagoa LGA. Three hundred and fifty-eight respondents were selected from the community using systemic random sampling technique. A semi- structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry was carried out using SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and thirty-eight (94.4%) of the respondents identified corrosion due to soil factors as a major cause of oil spillage, 84.1% attributed oil spillage to unemployment, 86.3% sabotage by surveillances contractors and 85.2% by pipeline vandalism as factors responsible for oil spillage. Majority of the respondents (98.0%) identified water pollution as the major effect of oil spillage on aquatic life. Three hundred and forty-seven (96.9%) of the respondents identified health problem and mainly skin rash (32.0%) as the major effect of oil spillage on fishermen while other effect include reduction in income (95.5%). Perceived justification of respondents for oil spillage include unemployment (91.9%), increasing the rate of kidnapping (79.6%), lack of compensation (80.4%), relocation (35.8%), driving people away from their original settlement (91.9%) and buying of water for drinking and domestic uses (70.4%). Conclusion: Biseni community has experienced serious degradation due to oil exploitation and exploration activities that has resulted in oil spillage. Oil spillage has caused displacement of people, involuntary migration, destruction of wildlife and biodiversity, loss of fertile soil, Pollution of drinking water, degradation of farmland and damage to aquatic lives, all of which have caused serious health problems to the fishermen. It was also confirmed from the respondents that they were not compensated for the damage of their farms and water for fishing.

Treatment of wastewater from heavy metal pollutants still remains a serious challenge for some developing countries without centralized waste water systems. The study examines the potentials of raw and nano composite from Spondias mombin seed as an adsorbent for removal of lead (II) ions from contaminated water. Instrumental techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) were used to characterize the absorbents. The study analyzed the effect of various factors including absorbent dosage (0.2 – 1.0g), lead concentration (100-300 mg), contact time (30-180 min), pH (2-10) and temperature (30-50°C) respectively, on the absorption of pb2+ ions. The experimental findings revealed that the adsorbents have high absorption capacity and high percentage removal for the removal of pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Absorption isotherm kinetic models and thermodynamic studies were applied to access the absorption mechanism of lead (II) ion removal. The Langmuir absorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order model were found to fit the equilibrium data for nano composite while Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order fitted the equilibrium data for raw fruit. According to the results obtained, a linear model was generated which indicated good predictability and the results agreed with the experimental data. The contact time and absorbent dosage were predicted to have a positive effect on the absorption process. However, after the investigation on the efficiency of raw and nano composite of Spondias mombin fruit on the removal of lead (II) ion from aqueous solutions as the impact of different variables were investigated. The study showed that the raw and modified adsorbents can be considered effective adsorbent for the removal of lead metal ions from wastewater by varying some basic parameters. The physiochemical properties of the absorbent were analyzed and the results obtained confirmed the adsorption potentials of the raw and nano composite. The removal efficiencies of both adsorbents on the Pb2+ ion were strongly dependent on their contact time, initial metal ion concentration, absorbent dosage, pH and temperature. The Langmuir isotherm model was well fitted to the experimental data, indicating that the two absorbents were effective in removing Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions with low absorption energy. The experimental data of Pb2+ ions adsorption by raw and nano composit adsorbents studied were fitted with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model respectively, revealing that adsorption occurs by physiosorptions and chemisorptions technique. The thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption process was exothermic, spontaneous and feasible in nature. Therefore, this work exposed the possible removal of lead (II) ions by raw and nano composite from agro waste of Spondias mombin from wastewater, which is generally a low cost agro waste.

It occurs the increasing production of the agro-industrial waste which is a great environmental problem that we need to face. Through a critical review of recent successes (2023–2024) in green extraction technologies for conversion of agro-waste to valuable bioactive compounds for use in the food and nutraceutical sectors, this study is conducted. The paper focuses on polyphenols, flavonoids and essential oils from their corresponding agro-waste sources by extraction using non-thermal techniques, namely; pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) using deep eutedic solvents (DES) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-CO₂). Synergistic experiments on emerging hybrid methods of enzyme assisted microwave extraction (EA-MAE) and ohmic heating combined with solvent free extraction to enhance yield but preserve compound integrity are explored. The use of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms are discussed within the context of extraction process optimization integration of artificial intelligence (ai) models. Plant based proteins, natural preservatives, nanoemulsions, probiotic synbiotics from agro-waste and its valorization pathways are reviewed focusing on the utilization of the plant-based proteins in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. The feasibility of these technologies is assessed using sustainability metric, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), regulatory challenge and economic viability. Then, future directions of the paper are outlined, namely the integration of zero waste and higher consumer acceptance of upcycled products to promote a circular bioeconomy.