Labour pain is among the most intense forms of physiological pain a woman can experience. Epidural analgesia is widely accepted as the most effective method for managing labour pain. This article reviews the procedure, pharmacology, maternal and neonatal outcomes, advantages, limitations, and the latest updates in epidural pain management.

Physical education is not only about physical activity but also about building a sense of belonging, teamwork, and motivation. This study explored the lived experiences of students in physical education, focusing on the factors that influence their engagement, sense of belonging, and participation in physical activities. Guided by Self-Determination Theory and Constructivist Theory, the research aimed to identify how social interactions, instructional methods, and challenges impact students’ experiences in physical education classes. The study adopted an interpretivist paradigm, using a qualitative research approach and a case study design to guide the investigation. Utilizing semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, data was collected from 20 Senior High School students in Effutu Municipaliy selected through maximum variation-a type of purposive sampling. Data were analysed using thematic analysis for identifying patterns and themes within the data. The findings indicate that positive peer interactions and teamwork foster a strong sense of belonging and enhance engagement, while negative social dynamics such as exclusion hinder participation. Students reported higher levels of engagement when activities were varied and provided a reasonable challenge, and when they received support from teachers and peers. Instructional strategies that were student-centred and allowed for personal expression were associated with higher motivation, whereas traditional, repetitive methods resulted in disengagement. However, challenges such as physical limitations, social exclusion, and logistical issues like inadequate resources and poorly organized classes were barriers to full participation. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of creating a supportive, inclusive, and dynamic physical education environment that caters to the diverse needs of students. Recommendations for improving physical education practice include adopting more inclusive teaching strategies, addressing resource constraints, and fostering positive social dynamics among students.

This study provides an overview of the consequence of the use of oral corticosteroid in the treatment of severe asthma in adults; it also identified recent evidence based alternative drug regimen for asthma management to prevent long term negative effect of oral corticosteroids. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease affecting about 300 million people globally. Approximately 4% to 8% of asthma patient’s symptoms remain uncontrolled and exacerbations occur frequently despite high-intensity treatment, hence the need for corticosteroid treatment for sustain symptom control and to prevent flare-ups. Oral corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory medicine which helps by quickly reducing the swelling in the lungs. There is no doubt that the use of oral corticosteroids (OCS) plays a vital role in the management of asthma, particularly in the management of acute exacerbations and severe asthma. However, there is clinical evidence that both long- and short-term use of corticosteroids in asthma has complicated relationship with some referring to them as a ‘frenemy, as side effect of oral corticosteroids has detrimental effect on quality of life of asthma patients. The study utilized literature review of web-based articles and journals using multiple databases. Studies both on short term and long- term use of OCS was reviewed to have better understanding of the subject matter. Studies in children populations were excluded as the focus of this study is on adult patients living with asthma. Following the literature search, ten articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected. The study concluded that due to widely acknowledged side effects, and advances in care, there is clinical support for a shift away from a reliance on OCS in the treatment of severe asthma to other alternative management.

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is widespread and poses risks to both mother and fetus. This study aims to compare the efficacy of injection ferric carboxymaltose and oral iron supplementation in treating iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Aim: To compare the injection ferric carboxy maltose and oral iron in treating iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy. Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Child and Mother Health, for 9 months, following ethical clearance. A total of 156 pregnant women (16 to 34 weeks of gestation) diagnosed with anemia (Hb < 11 g%, low serum ferritin, and peripheral blood smear findings of IDA) were included after getting informed written consent and divided into Group-A (oral Ferrous Sulphate, n=78) and Group-B (Injection Ferric carboxy maltose, n=78). Data was collected in separated case-record form and analyzed by SPSS 26 version. Result: Demographic characteristics were similar across the two groups in terms of age and residence (p>0.05 in all cases). In both group-A and group-B, significant rise of Hb (mean difference= 1.018 and 1.664, respectively) and serum ferritin (mean difference= 205.22 and 227.37, respectively) were noted. However, TIBC was significantly decreased only in group-B (mean difference= -47.06, p=0.013), while group-A showed no significant improvement in TIBC (p>0.05). Overall, Hb≥ 11 gm% after 6-weeks of treatment was significantly higher in group-B than group-A (65.4% vs 44.9%, p=0.010). Besides, group-B patients had significantly lower gastrointestinal adverse events than group-A patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose demonstrates superior effectiveness and safety compared to oral ferrous sulfate for treating anemia in pregnant women. However, further study is warranted.

Social media has profoundly impacted the Anglophone armed conflict in Cameroon, acting as both a catalyst and a complicating factor for International Humanitarian Law (IHL) compliance. Its rapid dissemination of information blurs the lines between combatants and civilians, complicating the application of core IHL principles such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution. Misinformation, propaganda, and hate speech proliferate online, fuelling violence, inciting IHL violations, and undermining humanitarian efforts. Both state and non-state actors exploit social media for recruitment, propaganda, and intelligence, often breaching IHL obligations. The digital environment also facilitates documentation of abuses, but uncontrolled sharing can lead to further violations, retaliation, and challenges in accountability. Thus, while social media offers opportunities for transparency and justice, it also presents significant risks, demanding constant adaptation of IHL to safeguard civilians and uphold humanitarian norms in the digital age.

Dental implants have become an essential component of modern restorative dentistry, offering a predictable and long-lasting solution for tooth replacement. Their widespread acceptance is attributed to high success rates, preservation of alveolar bone, and improved esthetics and function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational principles in implantology, covering the biological basis of osseointegration, anatomical considerations, implant types, assessment methods, surgical protocols, prosthetic planning, and future innovations. Emphasis is placed on the importance of thorough treatment planning, appropriate case selection, and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure optimal outcomes. This paper serves as a practical guide for clinicians seeking to strengthen their understanding of implantology and apply evidence-based protocols in clinical practice.

This research, grounded in the Quran and Hadith, examines the position of women in Islam and its impact on Muslim society. It focuses on two key controversial issues: the obligation of veiling for Muslim women and their freedom to pursue education. The study adopts an independent perspective to evaluate social issues often highlighted in media portrayals of Muslim women, including compulsory veiling, educational rights, and personal autonomy within marriage and broader societal contexts. It begins by identifying gender-neutral and gender-specific obligations (farz) in Islam and then discusses these obligations, their associated controversies, and Muslim society's responses to them in detail.

Virtual and augmented reality are key components of mixed reality, enabling users to interact seamlessly with real or simulated environments based on clinical needs. Integrating mixed reality into dental loupes holds promise for enhancing clinical efficiency by reducing treatment times and minimizing the need for practitioners to divert their attention from patients to external computer monitors. This study evaluates the impact of mixed reality adoption by analyzing digital screen usage during oral surgical procedures and examining whether its necessity varies by treatment type. The retrospective analysis involves two oral surgeons performing procedures on their regularly scheduled patients in a clinical setting. To assess the feasibility of incorporating mixed reality into dental loupes, data was collected on the frequency and duration of digital computer interactions, categorized by procedure type. For bone graft procedures, statistical analysis focused on the influence of intravenous (IV) sedation on computer usage and treatment duration, given the additional monitoring required for vital signs. A two-sample t-test showed a statistically significant 95.9% increase in computer usage with IV sedation compared to local anesthesia, though no significant difference in treatment duration was observed. An ANOVA test revealed significant differences in computer usage across various oral surgery procedures, indicating that the potential benefits of mixed reality integration may vary by procedure. These findings suggest that incorporating mixed reality into dental loupes could enhance workflow efficiency and reduce reliance on external screens in oral surgery practices.

This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of graduate students enrolled in the “Assessment of Mathematics Education” course at An-Najah National University. The research sought to understand how these students developed achievement tests as part of the course requirements, the challenges they encountered during this process, and their suggestions for improving future instruction in test construction. An exploratory qualitative methodology was adopted, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ten students registered in the course. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) model. The findings revealed that the course significantly enhanced students’ awareness of test construction principles and assessment competencies. However, certain practical challenges persisted—particularly in crafting higher-order thinking questions and formulating precise test items. Students emphasized the importance of hands-on activities in reinforcing their learning and recommended increased opportunities for practical training and stronger connections between course content and real classroom contexts, The study recommends redesigning assessment-related courses in teacher education programs—particularly for future mathematics teachers—to be more interactive and practice-oriented, with individualized support tailored to students’ needs. It also calls for future quantitative studies to examine the impact of such courses on students’ assessment competencies during later stages of their professional training.

Introduction: Bartholin gland cysts are common benign vulvar lesions in women of reproductive age. Large or recurrent cysts can be challenging to treat, particularly when they impact quality of life or body image. This case highlights the surgical management of a giant Bartholin cyst in a postmenopausal woman, with a focus on functional and aesthetic outcomes. Case Presentation: A 47-year-old woman presented with a large right labial mass progressively increasing over several months, associated with discomfort during walking and sitting. Clinical examination revealed a tense, fluctuant cyst arising from the right Bartholin gland. Surgical excision was performed through a concealed mucosal incision on the medial aspect of the labia majora. After removal, excess skin resulting from tissue distension was excised, and a layered closure with absorbable sutures was performed to restore vulvar symmetry. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with excellent aesthetic and functional results at one month. Discussion: Bartholin cysts exceeding 4–5 cm are rare, particularly in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. Although marsupialization remains a standard approach, complete excision may be preferred for large or symptomatic cysts. In this case, a targeted aesthetic approach was used by concealing the incision and removing redundant skin to restore anatomical symmetry. The case underlines the importance of individualized surgical planning, particularly in patients concerned about body image and aesthetics. Few reports describe the aesthetic consideration in Bartholin gland surgery, making this case a unique contribution. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that with careful surgical planning, large Bartholin cysts can be effectively treated with attention to both function and vulvar aesthetics. Aesthetic outcomes are increasingly relevant in vulvar surgery and deserve greater attention in the literature.

In Ngandanjika (Democratic Republic of Congo), there has been a decline in sweet potato root yields, explained on the one hand by the lack of propagation materials, which are vines, and on the other hand by the old age of these cuttings, which have not undergone any varietal improvement for several years. The average yield there varies from 6 to 14 tons per hectare, whereas in research stations such as Yangambi, yields easily reach 40 tons. With a view to increasing crop yields, the Mbuaya variety, one of the most widely grown varieties, was selected and the effect of the length of the cuttings (vines) on growth and yield during the 2022-2023 growing season was evaluated. The trial was conducted at the MPASU Site on a randomised complete block design with three replicates, each of which was in turn divided into five elementary plots representing the experimental treatments. The treatments consisted of cuttings 20 cm long (T1), 25 cm (T2), 30 cm (T3), 35 cm (T4) and 40 cm (T5). The results show a higher yield (14.7 tons per hectare) of roots with 40 cm long cuttings, followed by 12.7 tons per hectare obtained with 35 cm long cuttings. The lowest average is 4.5 tons per hectare for 20 cm long cuttings.

Introduction: On July 10, 2024, a brutal and complex homicide case came to light in Korba District, Chhattisgarh, when dismembered human body parts were discovered in bags and sacks near a dam. The absence of an identifiable torso and the decomposed condition of the remains posed significant forensic and investigative challenges. Methodology: A multidisciplinary team comprising the District Scene of Crime Mobile Unit, Korba Police, and Cyber Cell undertook a scientific site inspection. Visual examination of the scene, systematic underwater searches with local divers, and meticulous documentation of body part distribution were performed. Forensic profiling, including analysis of clothing, cutting patterns, and associated evidence (passport, Aadhaar card, gold chain receipt, and airline tickets), was conducted. Cyber forensic tools were employed to trace the victim’s communication and location history, and CCTV footage was reviewed to identify the suspects and reconstruct the sequence of events. Results: A total of 33 dismembered body parts were recovered, showing signs of cuts made using both a heavy sharp-edged weapon and a saw. Through identification documents found in the victim’s clothing and corroboration via family and cyber evidence, the deceased was identified as a Muslim youth who had returned from abroad days prior. Further investigation revealed a motive rooted in deception and betrayal involving a love affair, ultimately leading to the arrest of the perpetrators who attempted to conceal the crime by dismembering and disposing of the body. Conclusion: The case underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary forensic methods in solving blind murder cases, especially when traditional identification methods are hindered.

Advancing patient-centered diabetes care through interprofessional collaboration is increasingly recognized as a vital approach to improving outcomes for individuals living with this chronic condition. This model emphasizes a holistic, tailored strategy that integrates the expertise of diverse healthcare professionals—such as physicians, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers—to address the multifaceted needs of patients. By fostering effective communication and coordinated care, interprofessional teams can better manage glucose control, prevent complications, and enhance patients’ quality of life. This collaborative framework also empowers patients by actively involving them in decision-making processes, tailoring treatment plans to their preferences, lifestyle, and social determinants of health, which ultimately promotes adherence and self-management, Moreover, interprofessional collaboration in diabetes care facilitates comprehensive education and support that extend beyond medical treatment. Team members work together to identify barriers, such as psychological stress or socioeconomic challenges, that might impede a patient’s progress and address these issues through shared resources and community connections. This integrated approach not only improves clinical outcomes but also enhances patient satisfaction and engagement by creating a supportive care environment rooted in respect, empathy, and mutual understanding. As healthcare moves towards value-based models, strengthening interprofessional collaboration is key to delivering cost-effective, personalized diabetes care that aligns with the evolving needs and goals of patients.

Background: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common convulsive events in early childhood, affecting 2–5 % of children between 6 and 60 months, with up to one-third experiencing recurrence. Although generally benign, recurrent FS cause significant caregiver anxiety and prompt consideration of pharmacological prophylaxis in high-risk cases. Over the last two decades, newer benzodiazepines, second-generation antiseizure medications, and neurohormonal agents have been investigated as alternatives to traditional regimens. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2025 evaluating pharmacological strategies to prevent recurrent FS in children. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and systematic reviews reporting recurrence outcomes. Two independent reviewers screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2 and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Seven studies (n = 577; 3 RCTs, 2 open-label RCTs, 2 cohorts) met inclusion criteria. Intermittent benzodiazepines significantly reduced FS recurrence compared to no prophylaxis. Across three trials, clobazam demonstrated superior efficacy and comparable tolerability to diazepam. Pilot and comparative studies of intermittent levetiracetam (LEV) reported recurrence rates <10 % with fewer behavioral adverse effects relative to clobazam. A single blinded RCT found melatonin non-inferior to diazepam while markedly reducing sedation. No post-2000 evidence supported continuous phenobarbital or valproate prophylaxis. Conclusions: Intermittent clobazam remains the best-supported agent for recurrent FS prevention, while LEV and melatonin are promising, safer alternatives requiring validation in large, multicenter, blinded RCTs. Current evidence supports a selective, individualized approach focused on high-risk children, with caregiver education and rescue strategies as the foundation of management.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication linked to higher perinatal risks for mother and baby. Elevated serum uric acid levels can contribute to insulin resistance by inhibiting the insulin-mediated release of endothelial nitric oxide and directly impacting the adipocytes. During the first trimester, serum uric acid levels are similar to pre-conception levels, so increased levels may signal a higher GDM risk. Objective: Our study was conducted to analyse the relationship between first-trimester serum uric acid levels and the development of GDM. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the potential of elevated serum uric acid as an early predictor of GDM. Methods: This prospective observational study recruited eligible antenatal women with live singleton pregnancies and a gestational age of less than 15 weeks who attended the outpatient clinic using convenience sampling. Pregnant women with a gestational age above 15 weeks, overt diabetes mellitus, those taking steroids in any form, or consuming drugs known to increase serum uric acid levels, as well as women with gout, other endocrine disorders, chronic renal disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disorders, or who smoked, were excluded. Blood tests were conducted, and serum uric acid levels exceeding 3.5 mg/dL were regarded as elevated. The study participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. GDM was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI). A statistical analysis was performed, including measures of diagnostic performance. Results: One hundred and eight antenatal women participated in the study, with a mean age of 23.6 (± 4.08) years. Most women (46.3%) were aged 21 to 25, and the majority (56.5%) were primigravida. The prevalence of GDM in this group was 19.4% (21/108). A univariate analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and various factors. Women with first-trimester serum uric acid levels exceeding 3.5 mg/dL demonstrated a significant (p < 0.001) correlation with abnormal OGTT results. The diagnostic performance tests for elevated first-trimester serum uric acid levels in predicting GDM revealed a sensitivity of 90.5% and a negative predictive value of 97.1%. Conclusion: We concluded that elevated serum uric acid in the first trimester is linked to a higher risk of developing GDM and may serve as a screening tool for early identification.