The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. The objective is to investigate and characterize the alpha-amylase inhibition principles of the leaves of Ficus sur Forssk (Moraceae) used in ethnomedicine for management of diabetes mellitus. Powdered leaves were successively macerated with N-hexane, chloroform and 70% ethanol respectively for three consecutive days. The extracts were assessed for phytochemicals and inhibition of alpha-amylase. Alpha-amylase inhibition was assessed using porcine α-amylase. Bioactive n-hexane extract was fractionated on column chromatography packed with Silica Gel G (mesh 60-120) and eluted with gradient mixture of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Active fractions (F1 - F5) were purified on preparative thin layer chromatography. Active pure compounds were assessed for bioactivity and identified by spectroscopy (UV, IR, MS and NMR). The n-hexane extracts of the plant exhibited highest significant (p < 0.05) inhibition. Fraction F4 was the most active and was and compound FB was characterized from it as a novel abietane-type diterpene (4,7,10-b-trimethyl-benzofuro[c]-6,6-a,8,9,10,10-a-hexahydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid) with 55% inhibition of alpha-amylase at 50µg/ml. This work reports for the first time a novel diterpenoid from Ficus sur with alpha-amylase inhibition activity.

The work of Christian missionaries in penetrating Africa with the Gospel was expanded as natives responded to the call of God in evangelising the continent. The native agents, through their sweat, blood, and tears immensely contributed to the rooting of Christianity in Africa communities. The contributions of these unsung heroes and heroines deserve attention in contemporary African scholarship. In church growth, charismatic leadership is a cardinal factor as everything rises and falls on the leader. This study traced the emergence of charismatic movements in the Anglican Church in Urhobo of Western Delta (Ijaw) of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. It adopted the participant observation and historical methods; and data were drawn from primary and secondary sources. The paper applied the Craven’s theory of domestication of Christianity which is based on the hypothesis that Christianity could best be expressed in a cultural framework and championed by Africans. This could be done by appreciating the cultural elements for enhanced acceptance and expansion of the Christian mission. Charismatic seed was sown in the area by Bishop James Johnson who organised the Anglican churches in 1901. Between 1929 and 1984, the church witnessed the activities of three charismatic movements namely; Ishoshi Erhi (Spirit movement), Anglican Adam Preaching Society, and Anglican Fasting and Prayer Society. The dynamic response of the church leadership to these movements positioned Anglican churches in Urhobo for growth and relevance to the people. The paper recommended unbiased interaction between church leadership and charismatic movements as to harness the various gifting of members for development of the Church of God.

Ode to the West Wind, written by Percy Bysshe Shelley, is considered as a masterpiece in the English literature, even in the whole culture. This paper appreciates this poem mainly from two aspects--metrical analysis and rhetorical devices. The purpose is to explore the deep meaning behind the words and help us understand this poem better.

Hegel was once a philosopher who greatly influence the views and perceptions of Ludwig Feuerbach. However, in the process of studying the philosophy of the seventeenth century, the French materialism of the eighteenth century and observing the reality of German society at that time, Ludwig Feuerbach realized that Hegel’s philosophy was still limited. Based on that perception, Ludwig Feuerbach criticizes Hegel’s position, at the same time, he criticizes the position of Christian philosophy. Thereby, he established his own philosophical views – humanist philosophy or humanist thought. Although Ludwig Feuerbach’s view of society has not yet clearly shown human independence, it is the foundation and “source of fire” for Karl Mark and F. Engels to establish the concept of human emancipation.

In this paper, we are going to study Training and Development as a Concept, why companies need training and development, and why most of the time training and development as a concept has swayed from internal models to external models. The paper proceeds with a Literature Review of world-class articles on training and development. These articles focus on concept and change in the environment which focuses on internal as well as the external mode of trainers. Authors suggest the innovative theories and strategies of training and development in general and in- house training modules in specific which are accepted and much celebrated all over the world. One part of the paper talks about Reasons for Change in the approach by organizations from external training models to in-house training models. To understand more about organizations' approach with respect to this change, Primary Research was conducted, which gives us the basic idea of their perspective of this shift. As a part of secondary research, we were able to go through the previous studies conducted in a similar domain. The analysis of secondary research helped understand the evolution of training and development modules and also the trend in contemporary patterns.

This study investigates the anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic and anti-oxidant activities of the n-hexane extract and fractions of Ficus sur Forssk leaves. The extract was separated on column chromatography using a gradient elution of hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Pooled column fractions were assayed for membrane stabilizing for anti-inflammatory, Streptokinase inhibition for fibrinolytic and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction for anti-oxidant activity. Column fractions were pooled into five fractions (F1 – F5). The n-hexane crude extract and the fraction F3 consistently exhibited anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic ability. The leaf extract of F. sur showed negligible anti-oxidant activity. Except for F1 all the fractions and the crude extract showed very high dose-dependent anti-inflammatory property even significantly higher (p <0.05) than the reference drug – diclofenac. Crude extract, F2 and F3 exhibited fibrinolytic ability. F1 showed the lowest assayed biological activity consistently. The study shows that the column fractions of n-hexane extract of F. sur leaves have fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the management of thrombosis and inflammation.

In this article, I argue in favor of the idea that art is as valuable, perhaps even more so than science in a given society. I base this on the principles that art is well appointed to teach morality; as an educational tool; to foster empathy; enabling abstract thought through form and play and governed by aesthetic principles, the precondition for knowledge as it were. I believe this is a timely and necessary argument to be made in an increasingly technocratic and materialistic society where philosophical speculation and art as “deep” are often overlooked. I also believe there is a dialectic between art and science in the first place so that it is not a matter of pitting such disciplines against each other as it were.

A significant number of nations around the world have enacted cybercrime laws for the purpose of controlling the occurrence of cybercrimes and mitigating its ill effects. However, in spite of enacting such cybercrime laws, available data show that the incidence of cybercrime is rapidly increasing. There are many factors that contribute to the failure of criminal law to fully control cybercrime. These factors include anonymity related issues, jurisdictional issues, extradition related challenges, problems associated with the law enforcement machinery, non-availability of data relating to cybercrime including non-reporting of cybercrimes, difficulties to identify, locate and arrest the cybercriminal, lack of experts, technology related issues, problems posed by international law etc. Since, at present, criminal law is not able to fully tackle cybercrime, there is a need to focus on cybercrime prevention strategies.

The era of globalization has tremendously affected the banking industry in Cameroon. In this light, this paper after making clarifications of key concepts, seeks to appraise the legal provisions and mechanisms currently governing the banking industry in Cameroon, with particular focus on the regulatory parameters of the banking industry. As a result, the paper recommends salient measures in order to blend theory and practice for effective implementation in the banking industry in Cameroon.

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen worldwide. This clinicopathological study aims to determine the negative appendectomy rates of the surgically removed appendix in our centre and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of acute appendicitis by considering HPE as the gold standard. Method: A retrospective study was undertaken to review the histopathology reports of all the emergency appendicectomy specimens submitted to the Department of Pathology Government medical college and Hospital, Jammu; from 30th June 2020 to 1st July 2021. Patient’s biodata, clinical signs and symptoms were extracted from the request forms. Result: A total of 250 appendices were received during the 1-year study period. The male to female ratio was 3.1:1 with age ranging from 5 to 75 years of age. Acute appendicitis was found in 50.4%, followed by suppurative appendicitis (20%), perforated appendix (15.2), gangrenous appendix (6.4%), acute on chronic appendicitis (8%) and 2 cases of carcinoid tumor (0.8%). NAR was calculated as 4.8%. The diagnostic sensitivity was calculated to be 95.2%. Conclusion: HPE is the gold standard test and helps to determine the negative appendectomy rates which is regarded as the quality indicator of the treating centre.

Background: Among several treatment options for the management of infected nonunion tibia, Illizarov technique is a newer one.Illizarov technic has many good advantages and features. But in Bangladesh we have very few research-based information regarding the effectiveness and outcomes applyingIllizarov principle in treatinginfected nonunion tibia. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes Illizarov principle in treating infected nonunion tibia. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Holy Family Red Crescent Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. In total 27 patients with infected nonunion tibia were selected as the study population. Illizarov technic was applied for all of the patients. Before starting data collectionproper written consentsfrom all the participants were taken. A pre-designed semi-structured questioner was used in collecting necessary patient data. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by MS Office and SPSS version 20.0 as per need. Results: In this study, as postoperative complications, local pain with motion, local oedema, painful tenting of skin and pin tract infection were found in 3.705, 7.41%, 14.81% and 18.51% participants respectively. There was not a single case of deep infection or unacceptable malunion or non-union. As the final outcomes of this technic as per the Karlstrom and Olerud criteria, the highest 59% patients got ‘excellent’ result. Then 30%, 7% and the rest 4% patients got ‘good’, ‘fair’ and ‘poor’ result respectively. Conclusion: For the management of infected nonunion tibia,Illizarov technic opened a new era. Considering the god features of this technic like less blood loss, lower complication rate, shorter duration of hospital staying and prompt healing physicians can take this principle as the method of choice in treating infected nonunion tibia.

The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic bacteria extracts isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae), a plant traditionally used in the treatment of many pathologies such as diarrheal diseases. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient media. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Muller Hinton Broth (MHB). An antibacterial screening of the extracts was carried out on 04 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The strains having demonstrated activity were retained for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cytotoxicity tests of the extracts were carried out on healthy macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and healthy kidney cells (Vero). A total of 41 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. torvum. The antibacterial screening made it possible to retain 08 extracts which demonstrated antibacterial activity on the S. aureus and S. flexneri strains with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml. All extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity except for one extract. Extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from S. torvum showed antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity on the pathogenic strains tested. This study shows that the endophytic bacteria of S. torvum are a source of antibacterial compounds to be explored to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against bacterial infections.

This study examined the role of English instruction on students' willingness to communicate (WTC) in Oman's English foreign language (EFL) context. WTC in a second language (L2) is a multi-faceted construct that integrates psychological, linguistic, and communicative variables to describe, explain, and predict students' communicative behaviour in an L2. This quantitative study employed a survey to assess L2 WTC key variables of informants from Year 1 (116) and Year 4 (88) English major students in higher education. A t-test analysis revealed that Year 4 students had higher WTC in English than Year 1 students, and they also had less communication anxiety than Year 1 students. Conversely, Year 1 students had higher self-perceived communication competence and tended to communicate more frequently than Year 4 students. They also tended to be more motivated than Year 4 students and had higher positive attitudes toward their learning situation, English- speaking community, and interest in foreign language learning. Surprisingly, the data revealed no significant differences in all those variables between Year 1 and Year 4 students.

Background: Urinary retention in females are rare. Ureterocoeles are uncommon causes of acute urinary retention in females. There are a wide variety and presentations of ureterocoeles with potentially diverse treatments. Open and endoscopic options have been described. We present a case of a 38-year-old female with acute urinary retention from a prolapsed ureterocoele associated with a stone. Objectives: To highlight caeco-ureterocoele as a rare cause of Acute Urinary Retention in females. A 38-year-old female presented with a history of severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) along with a urethral protrusion of a few weeks’ duration. Examination showed she was in retention with a tender irreducible and inflamed mass covered with mucosa protruding from the urethra. A urethral catheter was passed beside the mass to relieve the retention. A calculus was palpated in prolapsing mucosa consistent with a prolapsing caeco-ureterocoele. Under local anesthesia, the mucosa was incised and 1.5x1.5cm spherical calculus was extracted. Urine was observed flowing out of the ureterocoele. The patient improved significantly from her symptoms and a follow-up ultrasound scan did not show hydronephrosis. Conclusion: Prolapse caeco-ureterocoele with stone could cause acute urinary retention in females. A heightened index of suspicion is needed when a female presents with an associated urethral protrusion.

The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on imaging, but it is recommended to use serological test to support imaging in inconclusive cases. We performed a retrospective analysis of serology results of patients with CE lesions, seen from January 2016 to March 2020, to evaluate the contribution of the serology in the diagnosis accuracy and sensitivity of CE. Sera from eligible patients, including 86 patients with probable CE lesion, were used, with 2 commercial seroassays (NovaLisaTM Echinococcus IgG; NovaTec Immunodiagnostica, Germany and Western Blot; ECHINOCOCCUS Western Blot (WB) IgG from LDBIO diagnostics). Sensitivity of seroassays to liver cyst wasn’t significantly higher than lung cyst, but a statically significant correlation has been found between positive CE serology and complicated cysts (82% versus 55% p<0.001). Sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of ELISA test combined to Western blot (WB) were higher than those obtained with ELISA test alone (65% versus 82% p= 0,001). Combining a first level seroassays as ELISA test with a high specific test as WB provide the best diagnosis accuracy for CE.