This paper explored students’ opinions on the effects of examination malpractices on Senior High School students in Assin Districts, Central Region. The study employed a descriptive survey design with the quantitative method. The participants were made up of students from the six public Senior High Schools in Assin Districts. Proportional stratified and simple random sampling procedures had been employed to select a sample of 302 student participants which comprised 164 male students and 138 female students. A questionnaire was employed to collect the data for the study. Means, standard deviations and independent t-test statistics were used to analyze the data gathered for the study. The findings revealed that the major effect of examination malpractice on students was academic corruption followed by ineffective study habits among Senior High School students. It was concluded that in schools where a conducive environment and teaching/learning materials are not provided for effective learning, students involve themselves in examination malpractice to raise the academic image of the school. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education should provide conducive teaching and learning environment to ensure effective academic work in schools to minimize examination malpractice. Also, heads of Senior High Schools should strengthen public education on the effects of examination malpractice to minimize the menace.

Introduction: Pregnancy in adolescence is a problem of alarming dimensions that demands comprehensive multisectoral care. The incidence of pregnancy in adolescents has grown and no previous studies on the entity were found. Objective: To describe the behavior of adolescent pregnancy in the Mantilla health area. Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of a universe of 82 pregnant adolescents from the Mantilla health area from April 2019 to November 2020. A survey and test of perception of family functioning were applied, which were processed using Descriptive Statistics techniques. Results: 57.3% of the pregnant women were between 17 and 19 years old, 53.7% had not completed the pre-university or intermediate technical level and 75.6% did not wish to interrupt their pregnancy. Conclusions: Pregnancies in adolescence are unplanned and therefore unwanted; the vast majority of adolescents admit that they are incapable of facing pregnancy and what it means for their later life.

Superficial mycosis were diagnosed in 1231 cases, a prevalence of 62.07%. The average age of the patients was 45 years, the sex ratio M/F was 1.19. The majority of the patients were followed as outpatients (96.99%). Of all superficial mycosis, onychomycosis was the most frequent with a rate of 52.32%, followed by epidermomycosis (37.44%), scalp mycosis (8.37%), oral mycosis (1.71%) and genital mycosis (0.16%). Dermatophytes were the most isolated (85.05%), followed by yeasts (13.65%), molds (1.30%). The main dermatophytic species were represented by Trichophyton rubrum (80.99%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (8.88%) and Microsporum canis (6.59%). The most common yeasts found were Candida albicans (67.86%), followed by Malassezia furfur (22.02%). Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was the most isolated mold (68.75%). At the end of this study we conclude that mycological examination is essential in the management of patients with superficial mycoses; which must also include the elimination of favourable factors in order to avoid recurrence.

Introduction: The use of prostaglandin preparations with or without oxytocin infusion is widely recognized and accepted as a standard method of induction of labor. It has been shown to reduce induction time and the risk of failed induction. But the use of prostaglandin E2 is quite expensive and is not available in many developing countries. In such cases, misoprostol can also be used as an induction agent. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of successful induction of labor following intra-vaginal administration of misoprostol. Methods: This open clinical trial study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North East Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year and was conducted with a total of 100 patients who were admitted with term pregnancy and unfavorable cervix in the study hospital, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Bishop’s score was significantly raised after 6 hours vaginal misoprostol [4.63 (SD ± 1.17) VS 5.82 (SD ± 1.60); p<0.001]. The mean induction to vaginal delivery time was 14.6 (SD ± 4.6) hours (range 6 to 23 hours); the induction to vaginal delivery time was<12 hours in 44.3% and 12-24 hours in 55.7% cases. The mode of delivery was vaginal in most of the cases (70.0%) and cesarean section was in 30.0% of cases. Fetal distress was the most frequent indication of cesarean section (63.3%), followed by arrested labor (20.0%) and failed induction (16.7%). The maternal obstetric complication was postpartum hemorrhage (3.0%) without any ruptured uterus, tachysystole, hypertonus uterus, or hyperstimulation. The maternal side-effects were nausea or vomiting (5.0%), diarrhea (2.0%), and fever (1.0%). Fetal outcomes were, normal baby (65.0%), APGAR score <7 at 1 min (27.0%), resuscitation needed (27.0%), neonatal unit admission (13.0%), meconium passage (8.0%) and intrauterine Fetal death (diagnosed before induction) (8.0%). Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol seems to be a promising drug for labor induction with a high rate of success. Possible advantages of misoprostol may be the availability, ease of administration, well tolerability, and most notably its dual action in cervical ripening and labor induction. However, future studies focusing on dosing regimens and routes of application are needed.

Demineralization of teeth or caries is a common health problem among pediatric patients. It is a more serious issue among children from low-income households due to their lack of access to proper dental care. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective agent used to treat demineralization, but experiments are being done to replace it with nanosilver fluoride (NSF). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nanosilver fluoride varnish in containing demineralization of primary teeth. A systematic literature review method was used. About 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings are conflicting, but most of the reviewed studies confirmed the effectiveness of an agent with nanoparticles compared to all other alternatives, especially SDF. Apart from suppressing microorganisms that cause demineralization at very low concentrations, agents with nanoparticles protect patients from discoloration of teeth and formation stains. Nanosilver fluoride varnish can be used to replace the current alternatives, but the findings should be used with caution since most of the present studies are experimental.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of infertility in both urban and rural regions. Materials and method: In this systematic review data published by Medline, PubMed, the science straightforward and Obs gyne online library were asked about studies published between 2000 and 2021 using specific MeSH terms. We provided data on 15 phase 6 studies undertaken at a tertiary care facility in rural and urban training locations. Results: In this study, we examined the causes of infertility variability in all habitats. Our revised study shows that fertility rates are very high in small towns and rural areas and very low in the capital, as expected. The study included 7100 married people between the ages of 15 and 49 when 2600 were infertile. The reason for infertility in a couple is assigned on the basis of history and test results. Most women in rural areas are educated. There was a substantial difference between the amount of education and occupation of the site of residence for infertile women. In both rural and urban regions, couples experiencing infertility for less than 5 years were 46 percent and 42 percent, respectively. Women with a familial history of infertility were nearly comparable. In rural places, the history of marriage is common. Female characteristics, male characteristics, and associated features have been claimed to be responsible for infertility in 40percent, 40percent and 20percent of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The poor state of education in rural areas is a major obstacle to encouraging couples to access health care in rural areas. Though PCOS is still a major issue, diseases are still a significant factor in tubal factor infertility, and smoking and liquor enhance the male factor. Most women in rural areas are illiterates. Thus our revised research shows that fertility rates are much higher in small towns and rural areas and compared with the capital due to lack of information and medical services.

Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated mainly by health care establishments. The management of BMW is still infant all across the world. According to Biomedical waste management rule 2016 (amended in 2018),the health facilities need to ensure proper segregation of BMW and pre-treat the waste at the facility before disposal/handing over the equivalent to Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF). A detailed study on BMW status in few of the Primary Health Centres (PHC) of Guwahati was carried out. The study depicts that only 30 % of the facilities does have nodal person to monitor the BMW activities. None of the facility having coloured plastic bin/bags with biohazard symbol, designated waste route, weighing machine and centralized storage area. Collection of BMW by the CBMWTF was average twice a month.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCO), also called Hyper androgenic anovulation (HA), or Stein-Leventhal syndrome is a very common disorder of ovaries that only occurs in females mainly of reproductive age of 4% to 20% approximately. It is a condition in which multiple cysts, almost 9 to 10 are noted in the ovary, can be on one side or both sides and the volume of the ovary exceeds 10ml. The common representation of PCOS includes obesity, acne, hirsutism, and complications in pregnancy. Objective: To evaluate among the largest population which age group is the most having polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methodology: A literature search was performed with the use of search engines. The search engines that provided the articles for systemic review are Google Scholar, MDPI, PubMed, Medscape, and NCBI. For article searching following keywords were used: Polycystic ovaries, reproductive age changes, and age group. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a specific age that has Polycystic syndrome ranging from 12-25.

Anxiety disorders are serious medical illnesses that affect approximately 19 million American adults. To cope with anxiety, people employ potentially harmful strategies like alcohol, cigarettes, medication, withdrawal etc. which may cause panic disorder to worsen. Gongronema latifolium (GL) is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of ailment including mental disorders. This study was therefore aimed to elucidate effects of administration of ethanolic leaves extract of fear and anxiety using light/dark transition box. Thirty (30) adult male Swiss white mice were assigned into three groups of ten mice each, thus: control, low and high dose groups placed on 0.9% normal saline, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic leaves extract of GL respectively. All the animals were allowed food and water ad libitum. Results showed significant (p<0.001) increase in the frequency of line crosses, rearing activities in the extract treated groups when compared to the control. There was a corresponding decrease (p<0.001) stretch attend posture, freezing, grooming frequency and grooming duration in the test groups when compared to the control. These indices show that the extract treated groups of mice exhibited decreased fear and anxiety behaviours when compared to the control group. In conclusion, extract of Gongronema latifolium could be used as an anxiolytic for anxiety related disorders due to its ability to attenuate fear and anxiety related behaviours in mice.

An appraisal of aeromagnetic data lying between latitude 120N to 130N and longitude 4030”E to5030”E comprising Argungu, Dange Tanbuwal and Gumi was carried out with a view to understanding the structural trends of interest for mineral exploration. A set of aeromagnetic data obtained from the Nigerian geological survey Agency was gridded to produce the total magnetic intensity (TMI) map of the study area, followed with a polynomial fitting to remove the regional anomaly from the total magnetic intensity so as to obtain the residual anomaly. The analysis was preceded by production of Shaded relief map depicting the profile of contact solution, shaded relief map of the profile dyke solution as well as magnetic susceptibility values of structures in each profile was analyzed. The result obtained from the profile contact and profile dyke solution showed an abnormal trend behavior which swept from southwest (SW) towards the center and the Northwest (NW) of the study area. The contacts and dyke solutions can be seen as arranged on the profiles, some portions being highly concentrated than other portions as they were arranged on their respective profiles indicating the possibility of much structural bodies or host for potential minerals. This is evident as the case maybe from the depth values obtained in Werner depth analysis performed with corresponding depth values for both Shallow and deeper bodies indicating the presence of geologic contacts and weak zones highlighting dyke-like bodies which might serve as host to the minerally controlled fluid around the area. Likewise results obtained from the magnetic susceptibility values in all the three profiles of the study area showed a number of structures possessing high and low magnetic susceptibility values indicating different types of minerals at different distance along the area at different depths. Minerals such as schist and limestone are likely to be present.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to decide the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility. Material and Method: In this systematic review facts extracted by Medline, PubMed, science direct and Obs gyne online library that were queried for studies posted between 2005 to 2021 by using specific MeSH terms. We extracted data from 15 cross sectional studies that was carried out in discipline exercise regions of tertiary care health facility. Results: This study shows data from population surveys reporting on occurrence of number one and secondary infertility. Fifteen research furnished estimates of primary and secondary infertility incidence in 6400 infertile couple. Out of 6400 infertile patients 3600 (fifty six.25%) offering with primary and 2800 (43.2%) supplying with secondary infertility. Age distribution with number one infertility confirmed that the majority of the participants belong to the most fertile age institution. Age distribution of women with secondary infertility confirmed that majority belongs to the age institution of 30–39 years. The primary results of the modern researches had been the primary infertility’s high rate (fifty six.25%) and excessive charge of female factors among infertile couples. Although, it has been said in other researches that female variables (40%), male variables (40%) or a combination (20%) of each could be associated to the causes of infertility. Motive of the couple’s infertility turned into determined on the basis of their examination results and medical history. As compared to the secondary infertility, number one infertility occurrence was higher within the people approaching a tertiary care middle of public zone. Conclusion: From this systematic evaluate we concluded that as compared to secondary infertility, the primary infertility’s superiority is higher. The marriage age is increasing which impacts reasons with male variables and unexplained infertility greater generally observed with increasing age of marriage. Female component stays a principle reason for the infertility including some unexplained reasons and means. In the population coming to a public region tertiary care center, the number one infertility’s prevalence is higher as compared to the prevalence of secondary infertility.

Background: PCOS is a leading cause of infertility globally. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated disease pigeon-holed by high testosterone levels, irregular menstruation, and/or tiny cysts on one or both ovaries. The disease can be anatomical (polycystic ovaries) or biochemical (hyperandrogenemia). Follicular developmental inhibition, ovarian microcysts, anovulation, and menstrual irregularities are all symptoms of hyperandrogenism, a clinical characteristic of PCOS. Objective: The objective is to determine the chances of infertility in a patient presenting with PCOS in childbearing age. Methodology: Data was collected from Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Obsgyne online library for papers published between 2005 and 2021 using specified MeSH keywords in this systematic review. We examined 10 cross-sectional type analytical studies for data collecting in this systematic work. Results: 10 studies conducted between the years 2005 to 2021 were included in this systematic review. There were 3900 women in the study, ranging in age from 10 to 40. The 2nd most prevalent etiology of feminine factor-related infertility was determined to be PCOS in this investigation. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. As a result, it's critical to screen for and treat it in primary care settings. Ultrasound is the best modality for the detection of PCOS. PCOS has been identified using ultrasonography methods in several investigations. The basal follicle counts by TVS might be included among sonographic findings in the diagnosis of PCOS, with basal follicle counts of more than 10 is a PCOS criterion. Slightly swollen stroma, hypertrophy, enhanced ovarian mass and thickness, and the percentage of ovarian stroma to total ovary area are among the other characteristics. Conclusion: From this systematic review we concluded that infertility is most commonly caused by PCOS. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. Despite the fact that TVS is the gold standard for detecting ovarian abnormalities in young girls we examine trans-abdominally by using a high-frequency probe. Ultrasonography results for PCOS of the periphery cyst patterns include a considerable variety of small subcapsular follicles (10 follicles with a maximal diameter of 8 millimeter), enhanced ovarian volume (12.3 millimeter), and increased echo density of the ovarian stroma.

Background: Imaging plays a key role in the diagnostic evaluation of women for infertility. The pelvic causes of female infertility are varied and range from tubal and peritubal abnormalities to uterine, cervical, and ovarian disorders.

Immunity in insects is the series of events by discretion of signal proteins as a part of memory cells. The most important role of defensive proteins and peptides in insects are against function, assigning immune responses distinctly to priming and basal. But insects are also a source of high quality protein, containing many essential amino acids required for human nutrition. One their host enters into the cells of targeting area, immediate onset of proteolytic cascades that causes the cleavage of protein molecules of the attacking organisms. Immune system of the insects enhances exhibit properties the of production of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism. The most different types of immunological responses arise as pathogens enter into the cells of insects and activate the machinery of metabolic pools. The main reason for genetic and biochemical evaluation lie behinds the diversity of natural ecosystem of insects. Sterile insect technique has been controlled for direct killing. It is used primarily to control or eradicate insect pests, usually crop pests or human and animal. Integrated pest management, the broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests that significantly improved the yields of agricultural crops.

Quality assurance and Quantity aftermaths are binary terms, which are interconnected each other closely and its ramification often chaotic in the fast pace world, specifically construction industry. Moreover, it’s being used an inappropriate way as a substitute one for other. Quality over quantity, It’s a simple concept, which could be understand in layman term but taught to construction organization because quality is a process per se, whereas quantity is a form of amount. However it' can be defined in one line that fits like a square peg in a round hole in today's construction/corporate environment. The reason behind that it's so inflexible to emphasize quality over quantity is simple, contemporary businesses are established merely to make money as quickly as possible and its highest possible margins. Crafting high quality components tends to be expensive and time consuming tasks, moreover it required industriousness along with proper management, which seems less attractive margin for the organization and create a question in the mind what about the profit. Lower quality work, produced quickly with a minimal time commitment per task, tends to be far more profitable, with higher margins as well as a lower cost and get more attractive price from consumers. However, corporate shouldn’t entirely overlook the importance of quality over quantity. Here it’s not merely a matter of profit although it’s a matter of lives, which matters more than anything else. Moreover, the elements of a building structure are typically based on the kind of material used in its construction. Each and every division has space in a design takes into account the main theme or concept of the structure. Depending upon the building material(s), each element of the building is related to the other in terms of the concepts of color, dressing and outlook. The materials used for an element also, quite often, contribute to its terminology. Quality take off is widely unaccepted as one of the key factors for companies to be futile in the global market. Quality management has been a kicked issue for many years in various disciplines. The implementation of effective quality management has been witnessed and documented in the Engineering industry, which set up a paradigm for other disciplines such as the design and construction industry in the past few years, things have been changed in the construction sector by welcoming Policies that would improve construction process and lead to successful business strategies. Effective quality management, especially in (QOQ), It has been recognized as an inhibitor for performance improvement in the construction industry. On the flip side Quantity takeoffs are an important aspect of the construction cost estimating process. Quantity takeoffs are used in both large and small projects to determine actual costs ensure that a project remains profitable to the contractor, and its vital component of a final detailed estimate. General contractors, subcontractors, quantity surveyors, and estimators routinely produce quantity takeoffs during the estimation process. Whereas some in the construction industry may not routinely work on quantity takeoffs, they may still wonder what a quantity takeoff in construction is. We’ll also look at the different ways qualities as well as quantity takeoffs are completed, and what are the advantages and drawbacks of these different methods. The study recommends that promoting awareness regarding the values of ethical behavior at different forum and ensuring the effective castigation for unethical activities at different stages of project life cycle might reduce the unethical practices in the construction industry. Nevertheless both terms has to be targeted as per its vitality, as we have used the word of interconnected.