In this present investigation, seasonal distribution of micro algae in Konam reservoir (Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh) was studied for a period of one year from November 2022 to October 2023. A total of 61 species were reported which belongs to four groups of algae such as Chlorophyceae (26), Bacillariophyceae (15) Cyanophyceae (15) and Euglenophyceae (5). In post monsoon season higher number (57) of micro algal forms were recorded and lower number (41) of microalgae were reported during monsoon season.

The new drug research is usually based on synthesis medicine. The use of these medications has created problems such as tolerance in humans, for a long time and due to legitimate use of anti-infection, microbial defense against branded medication is growing. A mutagensis study by Ames in the early 1970's, used worldwide by drug and chemicals companies to diagnose mutagens carcinogenes, making it possible for them to be detected, and to be added to the mutagenic synthesis portion or radiation source triggering irreversible changes, and to the genetic material transmitted from the parent. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The purpose of this study was to assessment of carcinogenicity of synthetic compounds series by hemolytic, Ames and Damaged DNA protection assay. The cytotoxicity was determined with hemolytic assay and DNA Damage protection assay while mutagenicity was resolute by using S. typhimurium TA100 and TA98 strains. It is concluded that the compounds with less hemolytic compounds are good for uses in drugs. Synthetic compounds were determined to be non- mutagenic in nature. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare the hemolysis percent between different concentrations.

Central venous catheter (CVC) is an essential tool for monitoring hemodynamics and intravenous access in many healthcare settings and, by far, most in a dynamic environment such as the operating room. It's one of the most frequent invasive procedures performed by clinicians in their practice. The literature describes many different approaches that use anatomical landmarks. However, Practice guidelines published in 2020 by the American Society of Anesthesiologists recommend the confirmation of a guide wire and central line insertion in the vein by real-time ultrasound US. This recommendation has significant practical implications, as it can lead to a reduction in adverse events following the CVS insertion. A large multicentre cohort study done in 2022, after implying the use of ultrasound-guided, reviewed the rate of adverse events following the CVS insertion and identified a variety of reasons linked with higher complication rates. A recent randomized trial compared techniques used in central line was conducted on neonates coming to the operating room who had CVS catheter placement done by pediatric anesthesiologists concluded that the modified technique was superior in regards to time efficiency and safety. This article aims to review basic knowledge and recent relevant literature about the topic in order to provide anesthesiologists with a deeper understanding of it while performing the procedure.

Biodiversity can be defined as the variability among the living organism from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part, this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystem. The growing awareness that biodiversity is a precious global asset to present and future generation and that species survival and the integrity of habitats and ecosystems are at serious risk, has increased significantly the importance of biodiversity related research. The loss of biodiversity is a global crisis, there is hardly an region on the earth that is not facing ecological catastrophes. Of the 1.7 million species known to inhabit the earth (Human is just one of them), one third to one fourthvof the species is likely to extinct within the next few decades. Therefore, onus of safeguarding biodiversity is not just on government or indigenous communities, but on all of us as this is our common heritage.

Background: PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in women that can lead to a variety of ailments associated with chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, it is also still a common cause of infertility in women. It is the most frequent endocrine and metabolic disorder among reproductive-aged women. PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is the most frequent cause of anovulatory infertility, accounting for more than 75% of all cases. This widespread problem affects around one in every six marriages and has a variety of causes across countries and social groups. Aims and Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment strategies for infertile patients with diagnosed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Material and Methods: This study looked at 80 cases of infertility caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome. From August 2021 to July 2022, this study evaluated 80 cases of infertility with PCOS at a tertiary medical college. The diagnosis was made using a hormone assay, ultrasound, and laparoscopy. Treatment options included clomiphene citrate, letrozole, and laparoscopic ovarian drilling. Results: In our study, the majority (50%) were between the ages of 26 and 30 years old, and 100% of patients complained of infertility, with 66.25% being of the primary type. Menstrual abnormalities affected 73.75% of women. The LH: FSH ratio was greater than 1.6 in approximately 85% of responders, and 77.5% of women had enlarged polycystic ovaries. Clomiphene citrate had a conception rate of 24%, Letrozole 31% had a rate of 20%, and laparoscopic ovarian drilling followed by Letrozole had a rate of 60%. Conclusion: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a complex illness that necessitates a variety of treatment techniques based on the reason a patient seeks treatment. Aside from diet and fitness improvements, most patients with good conception rates require lifestyle modification treatment such as C/C and laparoscopic ovarian drilling.

The trigeminal cardiac reflex (TCR) is a unique and powerful brainstem reflex that has received a great deal of research interest. Sleep bruxism (SB) is sleep disorder that affects the TCR as well as other brainstem reflexes via stimulation of the brainstem; at the level of the gasserion ganglion (GG). TCR play an important role in sleep bruxism while an exaggerated form of this reflex could be responsible for sleep disorders. This paper will discuss the unusual relationship of Trigeminal cardiac reflex – bruxism – sleep disorders.

Introduction: Obesity is a major health problem in western society with rapidly increasing prevalence in most countries. The healthcare burden of obesity is far reaching but many of the consequences are yet to be fully understood. While there is a perception that obesity negatively impacts on health and stone formation in gall bladder there is conflicting evidence for this. Aims & Objectives: To assess whether obesity impacts on the blood cholesterol level which leads to dislipidaemia and gall stone formation. To identify whether dislipidaemia causes cholelithiasis and cholecystitis among obese patient. Methods: Between 1st December, 2018 and 31thMay, 2019, patients admitted in dept of surgery at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital in Bogura, Bangladesh were enrolled. Following informed consent, BMI was assessed. High risk patients and complications were identified according to established criteria. Patients were grouped according to BMI categories as Normal, overweight, Obese grade-I and Obese grade-II. Various disease of gall bladder including stone formation and its complications were analysed on all obese patients treated at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital using a SQL database. Results: Total 59 people were available and consented for this study. 09 patients were excluded; 4 patient were obese but no cholelithiasis or cholecystitis, 3 patients were not agree to investigations and 2 patients declined study). The remaining 50 patients, 29 females and 21 males, included for analysis. The median age was 48 with a range from 18-55. A literature review found evidence of increased risk of dyslipidemia which induce stone formation in GB and inflammation of gall bladder associated with obesity. Conclusion: It is an important issue that obesity is increasing in our new generations. This study should take into account for the future health care researcher. This study has summarized the current body of literature and added to it by demonstrating in our cohort that obese patients were at increased risk of formation of gallstones. I have also provided the evidence that patients with increased BMI with cholelithiasis or cholecystitis or other comorbidities are associated with significantly greater cost to the healthcare system.

Bakery nutritional products are limited in a global market considering the consumer preferences. Recent years have seen a surge in publications, especially in India and Latin America, reflecting nutritional and development of new products challenge, however, there are project management tools that could help in the development of new products because proactive approaches are necessary to navigate bakery product development complexities. Malnutrition and obesity pose global health challenges, elevating the importance of providing more nutritious bakery options. This systematic literature review explores the intersection of bakery product development with project management methodologies, emphasizing nutritional enhancement and consumer acceptance by the analysis of 69 articles from 2013 through 2024 from prestigious database such as Scopus and Redalyc to generate an overview for new future projects related to enhance the sector in Mexico. The study identifies multiple opportunities in bakery product research. The most researched products in this area are bread, cake, cookies and tortillas compared to pasta, pizza, pudding, waffles, etc. Additionally, only a quarter of articles explore new commercial prototypes, indicating significant potential for further development in this area.

Introduction: Patient falls are a global concern that has been identified as one of the most common adverse events affecting patient safety in healthcare institutions around the world. In this study, factors associated with the occurrence of patients falling were investigated and classified into three categories: patient-related factors, environment conditions and nurse-related factors. Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. It was conducted between 15 February and 15 March 2024 in King Saud Medical City. A self-administered questionnaire was personally sent to staff nurses. The total nurses participating in the study was 504. Results: The most common factors leading to patient falls are wet floors, an absence of warning signs, a lack of safety grab bars, unsafe corridors, and a shortage of staff nurses, as well as distributing patients in different rooms, making it difficult to observe all of them simultaneously. Moreover, a patient who starts walking after an extended period in bed will be at increased risk of falling. Nurses also agreed that polypharmacy can be a risk factor for patient falls. Conclusion: The results present a clear picture of the various factors that healthcare professionals perceive as contributing to patient falls. Environmental conditions, operational issues and patient-related factors all play significant roles.

This paper delves into the rapidly evolving domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI), with a particular focus on Machine Learning (ML), a dynamic and influential subset of AI. It explores how ML empowers computers to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions with minimal human intervention. The manuscript examines the broad utility of ML across various real-world scenarios, emphasizing its critical role in enabling organizations to evolve and maintain a competitive edge in the fast-paced technological landscape. It discusses the necessity for organizations to adopt new ways of working and embrace the opportunities presented by AI to remain viable in the global, online marketplace. The paper reviews the evolution of ML, evaluates its advantages and disadvantages, and contemplates the future directions ML could lead organizations willing to integrate this powerful technology. The overarching theme is the transformative potential of ML in reshaping organizational strategies and operations for a more interconnected and intelligent future.

Understanding Oil Formation Volume Factor βo is crucial for effective oil field development, impacting well performance analysis, reservoir simulation, and production engineering calculations. Traditionally, βo is determined through costly and time-consuming laboratory tests, prompting the need for accurate mathematical correlations. Existing correlations such as Vasquez-Beggs, Standing-Glaso, and others have been widely used but show varying degrees of accuracy across different operating conditions. In this study, these correlations were evaluated against 95 datasets of experimental βo data for Sudanese crude oils. Statistical analysis revealed that Vasquez-Beggs and Standing- Glaso models performed best, with average absolute errors of 3.4219 and 3.4477, and correlation coefficients of 0.7563 and 0.7213 respectively. Motivated by the limitations of existing correlations, a new ap- proach using Polynomial Neural Networks (PNN) was developed. This model utilized reservoir temperature, gas gravity, gas oil ratio, and API as input parameters, trained on 70% of the dataset and tested on the remaining 30%. The PNN model exhibited superior predictive performance with a relative average absolute error of 2.8607 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9080. This study contributes a robust predictive tool for estimating βo in Sudanese oil fields, offering enhanced accuracy over traditional correlations and facilitating more reliable reservoir management decisions.

Background: Pesticide ubiquity and extensive applications have attendant public health implications. This study examines the immediate and prolonged inhalation toxicity of various commonly used insecticides in male Wistar rats. Methods: 192 male Wistar rats were utilized and kept in regular housing. The study was carried out in three stages: a preliminary test, an acute test, and a sub-acute. Wistar rats, housed in an improvised chamber, were exposed to varying doses of insecticides in each phase to assess their toxicities to insecticides. For comparativeness, we withdrew 57 of the rats from exposure to ascertain possible recovery. The study included monitoring behavioral changes, recording mortality rates, and conducting necropsies to evaluate organ pathology. Dose-response relationships were analyzed to determine lethal doses (LD50) and potential sublethal effects. Results: Overall, we found a dose-related increase in the severity of the response, which potentially indicates an alteration of a specific biochemical process. The range-finding test assessed the effects of DD Force, Sniper, Industrial Camphor, Edible Camphor, Kerosene, and combined pesticides. It revealed significant physiological impacts followed by mortalities at specific dosage levels. Subsequent acute toxicity testing determined LC50 values for each insecticide. Rats showed a dose-dependent health deterioration following sub-acute exposure, particularly in the combined pesticide group, indicating synergistic toxicity. Conclusion: Exposure to the combined pesticide at high doses was associated with severe toxicities in the tested rats. This evidence suggests that commonly used pesticides could potentiate adverse health outcomes when results are extrapolated in humans.

Introduction: Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary urgency/frequency. While the exact cause of BPS is unknown, various treatment options exist. This study aimed to evaluate bladder hydrodistension's short- and long-term efficacy in BPS patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of four female BPS patients treated with bladder hydrodistension over 10 years was conducted. Symptoms, cystoscopy findings, and treatment outcomes were reviewed. Results: The average patient age was 40 years. All patients reported pain, with an average of 13 daytime and 3 nighttime urinary voids per day. Hydrodistension improved symptoms in 75% of patients, reducing daytime frequency and nocturia. Cystoscopy after hydrodistension revealed Hunner's ulcers in one patient and petechiae in three. One patient required a second hydrodistension. Transient worsening of symptoms and hematuria occurred in one patient each. Discussion: Bladder hydrodistension appears to be a safe and effective treatment for BPS, improving symptoms in most patients in our study. The findings are consistent with previous reports suggesting. Our study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting hydrodistension as a valuable tool in managing BPS. Conclusion: Bladder hydrodistension is a simple and minimally invasive technique that has proven its efficacy with a low complication rate. Our findings support the existing literature on the benefits of hydrodistension for BPS.

Background: Even though most communities in developing countries understand the importance of disease prevention, they do not know how to do so. Beneficial programmes, like Health Fairs, even when relatively free, are often scorned. Understanding the importance of hypertension prevention in rural communities in developing nations is under-utilized. This study aimed to get the Awolowo community to come to terms with the benefits of an impactful Health Fair and generate convincing health information. It addressed how to motivate, generate interest and participate. Thus bridging knowledge gap and experience regarding disease prevention and medical screening. Methodology: This was a prospective study conducted over three days during a health fair at Awolowo town, Osun State, South-western Nigeria. A total of 178 Participants (18 years and above) were divided into three groups. Each group went through eight (8) different stations of specialized Health screening format. Blood pressure, Body mass index (BMI), and demographics were collected. Regression analyses was carried out on IBM SPSS (version 21) to examine the relationship between demographic features and blood pressure. Results: Our study found a high prevalence of pre-hypertension (41.6%) among participants. The study highlighted the rising rates of overweight (22.5%) and obesity (14%) in the population. Also, about 33% had hypertension, while increasing age was identified as a significant factor in its prevalence. The data demonstrates a strong correlation between obesity/overweight and hypertension. Conclusion: The specialized Health screening format and seminars/workshops served as motivation and interest generation. This should be adopted for similar studies. This study emphasizes the need for community interventions to address the growing prevalence of hypertension and obesity in Awolowo town and environ. Early diagnosis, heightened awareness, and lifestyle modifications are crucial approaches to mitigate health risks related to these conditions and enhance the overall health and well-being of the community.

Background and Objectives: A high prevalence of thyroid disorder is found worldwide and it is a serious public health problem. A community‑based investigations showed that; overall occurrence of thyroid disease was 20.43%, highest incidence of diffuse goiter (7.35%), followed by sub-clinical hypothyroidism (6.59%), hypothyroidism (4.97%), hyperthyroidism (0.86%) and sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (0.65%) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Antithyroid autoantibodies are one of the most important causes of thyroiditis resulting hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antithyroid antibody to hypothyroid patients in Khulna region. Methods: This cross‑sectional study was done on Hypothyroid patients of Khulna Medical College Hospital and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science (INMAS), Khulna, from July 2023 to December 2023. After having informed written consent of adult sixty hypothyroid patients, was interviewed and examined the blood sample for relevant information; data recorded in a preformed, semi-structured data collection sheet (Patient particulars form) and analyzed. Results: About 20 percent had positive family history of hypothyroidism, 27 percent patient was associated with other autoimmune diseases and about 80 percent was associated with anti-thyroid antibody. Out of the sixty hypothyroid patients about fifty percent was obese, eighty percent was female of 30-60 years age group. Ninety percent of them belongs to poor socioeconomic conditions and came from rural area of Khulna district. Conclusions: Most of the patients were rural female of low socioeconomic back ground of reproductive age groups. There was very significant association of anti-thyroid antibody with these patients. They also associated with chronic autoimmune diseases and poverty.