Sarcoidosis is an uncommon chronic multisystemic fibro-inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, characterized histologically by the presence of non-caseating granuloma. We report the 15th case of isolated splenic sarcoidosis in a 71-year-old Nigerian female, which was discovered incidentally while being managed for acute intestinal obstruction due to volvulus. Abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a large multinodular spleen. Open splenectomy was performed and the diagnosis of splenic sarcoidosis was confirmed histologically. Her post-operative condition has been stable. Sarcoidosis should always be considered in isolated nodular splenomegaly with or without symptoms.

Introduction: The Unani system of medicine is an all-encompassing medical framework that intricately addresses the diverse conditions of well-being and illness. It offers supportive, precautionary, remedial, and restorative healthcare with a comprehensive perspective. (The literal meaning of Tashreeh is “to cut," “to dissect,” and “to open,” according to Arabic lughat.) The word Tashreeh used for anatomy as describing the human body, practicing the science of dissection, and the forensic sense of autopsy. The Nizam-e-Kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) consists of the Kabid (liver), Majra-e-Safrawiyya (bile ducts), and Marara (gallbladder). The liver is the largest and unique organ, considered a source of Hararat-e-Ghariziya (innate heat), and performs a wide range of metabolic activities required for homeostasis, nutrition, and immune defense. Objectives: To collect and compile the detailed understanding of Greek-o-Arab physicians in the field of Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) and analyze the original literature by Greek-o-Arab scholars who published books on Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system). Materials and Methods: This study involves the exploration and compilation of information sourced from traditional Unani texts such as Alqanoon fi’tib, Kamil-al-sana, Kitab-al-Mansoori, Kitab-al-Miat, and Kitab-al-kulliyat, as well as contemporary sources like journals, research papers, and modern books. Conclusion: This paper will provide the literature on Nizam-e-Kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) given by Greek-o-Arab physicians, which can open many doors for reviewers as well as clinical researchers in the future.

The exploration of masculinity within African literature is rich, yet the application of Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to scrutinize masculinity and power structures in African literature remains underexplored. Despite the pioneering efforts of scholars, such as Ayodabo and Amaefula, the potential of Gramsci’s theory to unveil the intricate layers of masculinities in African literature, particularly within post-colonial contexts, remains untapped. This research adopts a qualitative methodology, employing critical textual analysis to delve into the nuances of masculinity within Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. Extending Ayodabo and Amaefula’s methodological approach, the study draws from Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to uncover the dynamics of power and resistance within the novel, particularly in the portrayal of male characters and the societal norms that shape their identities. The text offers a profound exploration of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies, revealing the complexities of power dynamics and struggles shaping the lives of its characters. Through the lenses of Mustafa Sa'eed, the unnamed narrator, and resistant women like Hosna Bint Mahmoud, the novel exposes the construction, maintenance, and contestation of dominant power structures. The portrayal of characters as "subaltern" and "traditional intellectuals" highlights the roles of educated elites in perpetuating or challenging hegemonic masculinity, while women’s resistance underscores the significance of gender and sexuality in this discourse. The study concludes that Season of Migration to the North offers a powerful critique of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies. By situating the characters within the historical and cultural context of postcolonial Sudan, the novel underscores the ongoing legacy of colonialism and the need for social change. It also acknowledges the complexities and limitations of resistance, leaving space for further exploration of themes like intellectual agency, gender politics, and the ongoing struggles for liberation. This research contributes to the growing body of scholarship on masculinity in African literature and demonstrates the potential of Gramscian theory to illuminate the intricacies of power, identity, and resistance within this domain.

Spanish fashion brands seeking to enter or solidify their presence in the Moroccan affordable luxury and fast fashion market face a unique set of challenges. This study highlights the critical importance of understanding the intricacies of Morocco's affordable luxury sector, including commercial and ethical considerations. Overlooking these differences can lead to strategic missteps. This article offers practical guidance for navigating the Moroccan market. Through a survey of potential Gen Z Moroccan clientele in Tangier and Gen Z Spanish clientele in Barcelona, the research explores brand perceptions and categorizes 10 Spanish brands along a spectrum ranging from ultra-fast fashion to luxury brands. Additionally, the survey analyzes how ethical values impact the Moroccan participants' purchasing decisions. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of continuous adaptation for successful market penetration. This research provides valuable insights for Spanish fashion companies aiming to cultivate strong business relationships with Moroccan affordable luxury consumers.

Indonesia finally has its own Criminal Code; the country no longer uses the criminal code inherited from Dutch East Indies colonialism. Nonetheless, the New Criminal Code is effective three years after its launch, which is in 2026. By reviewing literature, this article explores the New Criminal Code and its link to relations to terrorism and terrorism financing laws. This article aims to understand how far terrorism is addressed in the Indonesian New Criminal Code. This article may help counter-terrorism practitioners, academics, and policymakers to employ legal instruments as much as possible to prevent terrorism. Regarding the preparation of terrorism, the New Criminal Code outwardly revises what is already listed in the Law no. 5/2018 where anyone who prepares acts of terrorism whether intentionally or unintentionally is eligible for criminalization. There have been several criticisms of the New Criminal Code, such as its overlapping with other laws, the contradiction of regulations stated in the New Criminal Code, and its low support on restorative justice for children affiliated with terrorist organizations.

The regulation of index based agricultural insurance for small holder farmers in Cameroon are as a result of the risk they are exposed to like weather variability and related risks associated with their activities especially droughts, floods, pests and input costs and more importantly the limits of indemnity based agricultural insurance. Like any other poor and low income farmers with small land holdings their risk exposures can only be managed through good laws especially with the use of index insurance as a risk management tool. This article examines the CIMA Code as a regulatory instrument for agricultural insurance as far as small holder farmers are concerned. Book VII of the CIMA Code introduced microisurance in 2012 as a panacea to indemnity insurance which enabled the codification and development of index insurance by member states. The implementation of Index-based agricultural insurance faces considerable challenges that must be overcome to effectively service farmers in remote areas in a country like Cameroon. These challenges includes amongst others: regulatory insufficiency, limited historical rainfall and crop yield data, information on livestock mortality and limited infrastructures just to mention a few. It is recommended inter-alia that these aforementioned could be addressed through codification, infrastructural developments, inclusion of non-farming activities like banking and micro finance institutions amongst others.

Introduction: Orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate is a tedious process requiring meticulous treatment planning. However, in patients with a fairly good facial profile, non-surgical management using orthodontic treatment alone can produce astounding results in correction of malocclusion and to achieve a pleasing smile. A properly executed orthodontic treatment enhances not only the smile, but also the masticatory efficiency, speech and overall quality of life of the patients with cleft lip and palate. Methods: This case series describes orthodontic management of three patients with cleft lip and palate who have been treated by distinct treatment modalities. Results: An outline of the different orthodontic treatments along with possible interdisciplinary management has been explained in this case series. Conclusion: We therefore understand that in patients with cleft lip and palate who have a reasonably good facial profile, complete orthodontic therapy with individualized treatment plan is vital to provide good physiological, functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Menstrual pain is universal problem in woman Reducing or cutting should welme device can help alleviate cramps and decrease tension. pain-relief device effectively intercepts pain signals by stimulating nerves, all without any unwanted side effects. By encouraging the release of endorphins, the body's natural pain-relievers, Welme not only alleviates period discomfort but also uplifts the overall mood.

Breast cancers constitutes a significant health problem globally, and the pursuit of powerful early detection techniques remains paramount. This study investigates the potential for early prediction of breast cancer among younger females inside the Najran place of Southern Saudi Arabia through the use of genetic screening profiles. The study aims to elucidate genetic markers related to breast cancer susceptibility in this precise demographic, imparting insights into the disorder's early detection and potential preventive measures. A complete literature assessment establishes the modern-day know-how of breast cancer etiology, genetic factors, and screening techniques, highlighting gaps in know-how concerning the genetic profile of young females in Najran. Methodologically, a cohort of younger females will go through genetic screening protocols, coupled with designated clinical checks, enabling the identity and analysis of genetic markers related to breast cancer predisposition. Statistical evaluation may be hired to correlate recognized genetic variants with the threat of growing breast cancer, bearing in mind the construction of predictive fashions. Findings from this research keep massive promise in advancing personalized medicinal drugs and informing focused screening packages, thereby contributing to the early detection and prevention techniques precise to the young girl population within the Najran place of Southern Saudi Arabia.

Background: A method of generating new bone following a corticotomy or an osteotomy and gradual distraction based on the tension-stress principle proposed by Ilizarov is called distraction osteogenesis. DO works in following phases: Osteotomy or surgical phase - Latency period - Distraction phase - Consolidation phase - Appliance removal - Remodeling period. Case report: A 21 years old female patient reported to the department of orthodontic with the chief complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. Her past medical, dental, post natal and family history did not show any relevant reporting. Material and method: The osteotomy was prepared by extending the line from medial aspect of posterior border of ramus till the buccal cortical plate between first and second molar and the intraoral bidirectional distractors (figure 3) were secured in place and the distraction was done twice a day at a rate of 1mm/day. The distraction was initiated five days after the surgery and then continued till 11 days. Conclusion: DO can effectively treat facial ............

Mental health practices and services in the Middle East have been profoundly shaped by the region's rich historical and cultural context, intertwined with the traditions of major monotheistic religions. This analytical literature review synthesizes existing scholarly research to examine the historical development of mental health approaches, current challenges and barriers, and potential future implications. Tracing the evolution from ancient practices to the establishment of psychiatric institutions and the integration of Western medicine, the review uncovers the impact of the Middle East's unique heritage on its mental health landscape. Current challenges include pervasive stigma, inadequate training for healthcare professionals, limited access to evidence-based interventions, and cultural barriers hindering open communication. The review explores recommendations such as implementing e-mental health interventions, developing national mental health strategies, collaborating with traditional healers, promoting public education campaigns, providing culturally responsive services and training, and garnering robust government support. By bridging knowledge gaps, challenging systemic barriers, and fostering cross-cultural collaborations, the Middle East can pave the way towards destigmatizing mental health, increasing accessibility, and embracing comprehensive, culturally sensitive support for individuals and communities.

Grey cast iron (GCI) is characterized by brittleness, making it unsuitable for use in applications requiring high impact loading. Hence, efforts were made in this study to produce GCI with improved mechanical properties by addition of copper. Four samples were produced, the first sample was not alloyed (control), and the second, third and fourth were alloyed with 1.4wt.%Cu, 1.8wt.%Cu and 2.2wt.%Cu respectively. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope with EDS, and tested in tensile, hardness and impact. From the results, silicon contents of the alloyed samples are high relative to the control sample. The control and 2.2wt.%Cu alloyed samples are hypereutectic with carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of 4.391% and 4.200% respectively, while the 1.4wt.%Cu and 1.8wt.%Cu alloyed samples are hypoeutectic with CEVs of 3.940% and 3.600% respectively. The control sample is characterized by long graphite flakes, which are uniformly distributed within ferritic - pearlitic matrix. Graphite flakes of the 1.4 wt.% Cu and 1.8 wt.% Cu alloyed samples are uniformly distributed within pearlitic - ferritic matrix, while graphite flakes of the 2.2wt.%Cu alloyed sample are uniformly distributed within ferritic-pearlitic. Average graphite flake length of the control sample is high as compared to the copper alloyed samples, while graphite flake count of the control sample is low relative to the copper alloyed samples. Tensile strength characteristics of the copper alloyed samples are superior to the control sample. Optimum tensile strength characteristics (165.9 Nm2) was obtained at 1.4wt.%Cu. Ductile characteristic of the of control the sample is superior to ductile characteristics of the copper alloyed samples. Optimum ductility characteristic (3.82%) was obtained at 2.2 wt. %Cu. Hardness characteristics of the copper alloyed samples are superior to hardness characteristic of the control sample. Optimum hardness characteristics (61 HRB) was obtained at 1.4wt.%Cu. Impact strength characteristic of the control sample is low relative to impact strength characteristics of the copper alloyed samples. Optimum impact strength characteristics (78.93 KJ/m2) was obtained at 2.2wt.%Cu.

Background: Metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC) is defined as the development of a second primary CRC at least 6 months after the treatment of the first CRC. The reported risk of metachronous CRC within 5 years after surgical resection of the colon and rectum ranges from 2 to 12%, and the risk factors include age, synchronous lesions, location and stage of the first CRC, and family history. Case presentation: We report a rare case of metachronous two colonic cancers arising in ascending and sigmoid colon, A 73-year-old female patient with a history of right hemicolectomy in 2010, developed a metachronous sigmoid cancer in 2023, treated with sigmoidectomy without performing total colectomy (only right hemicolectomy and sigmoidectomy in 13 years apart), followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and close follow-up. Conclusion: This case illustrates the occurrence of metachronous two colonic cancer arising in ascending and sigmoid adenocarcinoma, which is a rare and challenging scenario by avoiding colostomy and total colectomy.

Background: Imposter syndrome is a psychological condition in which a person's fails to acknowledge and recognize their achievements regardless of having proof for fear they might come across as a fraud. Objectives: To find out the rate of imposter syndrome and its relation to grade and gender among medical students. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study conducted between December 2023 and February 2024, among a convenient sample of students from college of medicine, Al –Mustansiriyah University. Data was collected via self – administrated questionnaire based on Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) to determine the prevalence of imposter syndrome. Results: Five hundred and fifty-three students enrolled in this study. According to Clance IP scale, 281(50.8%) of the study group were designated as moderate Imposter characteristics. The results showed that moderate Imposter characteristics was observed among 109 (46.58%) of male students and 172 (53.92%) of female students. Moreover, intense IP experiences was noticed more among male students (6.41%) in comparison to (4.39%) of female students. The results demonstrated that moderate Imposter characteristics was a shared complained among the four grades students enrolled in the study, as (47%,51.56%,53.41%& 51.85%) of the 2nd ,3rd ,4th and 5th students respectively. Furthermore, 5th grade students reported the highest rate (8.64%) of intense IP experiences in comparison to other grades. Conclusion: The imposter phenomenon exists in a meaningfully high rate among medical students. Both genders are at equivalent risk of having an imposter phenomenon. Medical college administrations need to implemented some interventions that can address this problem and improve the wellness of medical students.

Alchornea cordifolia extract is widely used as ethnomedicine in Ivory coast to treat various ailments related to bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders, infertility problems, among other. Here, the objective was to evaluate some long lasting neuroprotective properties of Alchornea cordifolia extract against a rat’s model of LPS-induced early-life neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammation was induced with a single dose of LPS (1mg/kg, i.p) in neonatal rats (postnatal day 4) or PBS rats (1ml/100g, vehicle). Six hours later, some LPS rats were treated either with minocycline (50 mg/kg, i.p) or Alchornea cordifolia extract (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o) for 14 consecutive days. Then, rats were followed carefully till adulthood (P 90) for the evaluation of cognitive behavioral status and oxidative damage level in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results showed that the treatment with Alchornea cordifolia extract (200 or 400 mg/kg) attenuated LPS-induced deficits of spatial learning and memory (Y-maze and Morris water maze) and recognition memory (Object recognition test). However, only dose of 200 mg/kg of Alchornea cordifolia extract reduced significantly lipid peroxidation through MDA content and enhanced the enzymatic antioxydant SOD level in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. On the whole, the threshold dose 200 mg/kg of Alchornea cordifolia demonstrated long lasting beneficial neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced early-life neuroinflammation incomparable to reference molecule minocycline. This findings suggest that Alchornea cordifolia rich in quercitrin bioactive need further biochemical and histopathology studies before promising as efficient therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.