Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease characterized by a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. It is either primary (in 60% of cases) or a secondary complication of multiple myeloma [1]. In this context, we report the case of a 37-year-old patient with respiratory distress, whose bone marrow smear showed the presence of 64% of dystrophic plasma cells. A serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation was performed, revealing results in favor of pPCL. A cytogenetic study was not performed due to lack of resources. The patient was put on multidrug therapy with a favorable evolution.