Drug delivery platforms have the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, increase efficacy for treatment of ocular diseases. Recent efforts in ocular drug delivery have been made to improve the bioavailability and precorneal residence through topical application. The potential use of polymeric micro and nanoparticles as drug carriers has led to the development of many advanced colloidal delivery vehicles. Drug loaded polymeric systems offer several favorable biological properties, such as biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility and mucoadhesive characteristics. These polymeric systems are amenable for targeted drug delivery, leading to decrease in dose, dosing frequency and thus lowering systemic toxicity. This review discusses the recent advances in polymeric micro and nanoparticles and their therapeutic significances in the field of ocular drug delivery.