The fracture of endodontic instruments within root canals remains one of the most challenging and anxiety-provoking complications in clinical endodontic practice. With reported separation rates ranging from 0.25% to 10%, the occurrence of broken instruments demands a systematic, evidence-based approach to management. This review comprehensively examines the etiology and mechanisms of instrument fracture, clinical classification, preoperative assessment strategies. non-surgical and surgical retrieval techniques, risk factors influencing outcomes, complications, and future directions. Drawing from published review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, the article aims to provide clinicians with a structured decision-making framework to optimize treatment outcomes and preserve natural dentition.