Cameroon’s legal system rooted in a bijural tradition that fuses civil law and common law influences has undergone a marked transformation in how it governs medical and biomedical conduct through the criminal law. The Penal Code of 2016 (Law No. 2016/007 of 12 July 2016) consolidated and modernized general criminal provisions applicable to medical personnel, including offences of homicide, bodily harm, professional secrecy, failure to render assistance, false certification, and the facilitation of infectious disease transmission. On that general foundation, Cameroon has enacted three landmark pieces of special biomedical legislation between 2022 and 2025: Law No. 2022/008 of 27 April 2022 on medical research involving human subjects; Law No. 2022/014 of 14 July 2022 on medically assisted reproduction (MAR); and Law No. 2025/009 of 15 June 2025 Relating to the Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Human Biological Material in Cameroon. Together, these instruments constitute an increasingly sophisticated and notably punitive architecture of biomedical criminal law. This article seeks to analyze the criminal liability framework applicable to medical personnel and biomedical researchers in Cameroon, examining both the foundational provisions of the Penal Code 2016 and the specific offences created by the three special biomedical statutes, through a doctrinal legal methodology. Our findings revealed that, the Penal Code of 2016 establishes a robust general framework of criminal liability for medical personnel. It is on this basis that we made some salient propositions to that effect.