Agriculture is facing many challenges as a result of climate change, particularly in less developed areas such as Cooch Behar District (West Bengal). This study assesses the current institutional and policy environment for mitigating climate-related agricultural risk. Specifically, the study looks at the impact of flooding, waterlogging, erratic rainfall and soils on agriculture and rural livelihoods. Agricultural risk mitigation strategies have been established at both the national and state levels (e.g. through national/state agricultural policies, irrigation schemes, crop insurance and climate resilient agricultural programmes). However, due to poor coordination, limited awareness, inadequate extension support and lack of access to finance or technology, many of these initiatives have been ineffective. Local institutions are critical in facilitating linkages between farmers and government assistance, and include Panchayati Raj Institutions, cooperatives and self-help/self-directed groups. This study recommends that institutions be strengthened, that greater emphasis be placed on coordination and cooperation, and that climate-smart agricultural practices be promoted to support sustainable development. Ultimately, an inclusive policy environment is needed in order to build resilience in agriculture and support rural livelihoods.