Ho Chi Minh’s thought on people’s security represents a profound synthesis of Marxist–Leninist theory and Vietnamese revolutionary practice. From a philosophical and political–military perspective, it reflects a dialectical understanding of the relationship between the people, the state, and national defense. Ho Chi Minh emphasized that genuine security originates from the people, is maintained by the people, and serves the people. This concept transcends the traditional notion of state security by integrating moral, political, and social dimensions into a unified system of people-based defense. The study clarifies the ideological foundations of Ho Chi Minh’s thought, including its roots in dialectical materialism, collective strength, and the unity of security and development. In contemporary times, his vision offers enduring relevance for safeguarding national independence, strengthening political stability, and addressing non-traditional security challenges. The paper concludes that Ho Chi Minh’s philosophy of people’s security continues to serve as a theoretical and practical framework for Vietnam’s comprehensive approach to defense and social order.