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Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance (SJEF)
Volume-9 | Issue-08 | 326-347
Original Research Article
The Rise of the BRICS Nations: An Analysis of their Effects on the Global Scene and the Multipolar Justice Movement
Olawale C. Olawore, Taiwo R. Aiki, Oluwatobi J. Banjo, Victor O. Okoh, Tunde O. Olafimihan
Published : Aug. 26, 2025
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2025.v09i08.001
Abstract
The BRICS bloc, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has become a unified economic bloc that is busily reshaping the frontiers of world governance. Representing more than forty percent of the global population and a growing portion of world GDP, BRICS expresses a different vision of multilateralism, which systematically challenges the normative and institutional dominance of the Western order. This paper conceptualizes BRICS as a norm-entrepreneurial alliance that has the goal of transforming the global orders in finance, trade, and development cooperation without compromising the values of state sovereignty, policy autonomy, and South-South solidarity. This study is based on constructivist international relations theory and the global political economy of institutional change to provide a complete analysis. The qualitative discourse analysis of BRICS summit declarations between 2009 and 2024 and policy communiques is enhanced with the quantitative analysis of the trade, investment, and financial-flow indicators retrieved at the World Bank, IMF, and UNCTAD. The analysis has shown that BRICS has played a tangible role in the spread of multipolar governance norms, and it has also helped to introduce parallel institutions, including the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement. However, the ability of BRICS to cause major transformation is constrained by domestic imbalance in economic strength, political systems, and strategic goals among the participants. The findings have established that though BRICS could drive a more inclusive and equitable global order, its potential is limited to a large extent due to deep gaps between members of the bloc in terms of economic power, political frameworks, and strategic concerns. BRICS exemplifies the irony of global change by shaking the existing power order and at the same time relying on it to maintain stability the multi-faceted nature of reform and continuity that characterizes the modern age of global change. It is important to recognize this duality to comprehend the way international governance is changing in the modern multipolar and highly contested world.
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