Nanotechnology has become the revolutionary movement in terms of promoting the global agenda of sustainable development to make innovations on the frontiers of materials science, environmental engineering, biotechnology and renewable energy. The tunable physicochemical properties, the high surface reactivity, and multifunctionality of nanoparticles are central to the development of sustainable solutions to the complex problems of resource scarcity, energy requirement, environmental degradation and human health. This review is a comprehensive study of multidisciplinary uses of nanoparticles in ensuring sustainability in various fields such as clean energy production, pollution mitigation, precision agriculture, green manufacturing, and biomedical uses. It is devoted to the latest successes of environmentally friendly production routes, in particular, bioinspired and waste-based nanoparticles, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and the idea of a circular economy. The review also addresses the role of the nanoparticle-enabled technologies towards the United Nations of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by increasing energy efficiency, environmental stability, and sustainable production. Using materials innovation and sustainability science, this paper provides valuable critical reflections on how nanotechnology can make the transition to a more fair, low-carbon, resource-saving future. The discussion has pointed out the necessity of having a cross-disciplinary approach and regulatory vision to ensure a safe and ethical use of nanomaterials in sustainable systems.