Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping aesthetic dentistry by improving diagnostic precision, treatment planning, outcome predictability, and overall patient satisfaction. This review aims to systematically analyze the role of AI in aesthetic dentistry, highlighting its applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between 2018 and 2024. Search terms included “AI in dentistry,” “aesthetic dentistry,” “machine learning,” “prosthodontics,” and “orthodontics.” The review includes 28 peer-reviewed articles encompassing systematic reviews, clinical studies, narrative analyses, and expert consensus papers. Evidence shows that AI technologies such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), support vector machines (SVMs), and fuzzy logic systems have enhanced dental imaging, tooth segmentation, digital smile design, implant planning, prosthetic design, and personalized treatment simulations. AI facilitates real-time visualization, streamlines CAD/CAM workflows, and improves efficiency in clinical and administrative tasks. Moreover, AI enables predictive modeling of treatment outcomes and fosters patient-centered care through individualized approaches. However, significant challenges remain, including the need for high-quality datasets, ethical concerns about privacy and bias, lack of interpretability in AI decision-making, and high costs of implementation. The findings suggest broad consensus on AI’s transformative potential, but controversies persist regarding transparency, reliability, and accessibility. Future directions include explainable AI, integration with robotics, advanced biomaterials, and interdisciplinary collaborations. Overall, AI is revolutionizing modern aesthetic dentistry, paving the way for more predictable, minimally invasive, and patient-centered treatments that align with global digital healthcare trends.