The integration of neuroanatomophysiology and neuropsychopharmacology links the structural and functional organization of the nervous system with the pharmacological modulation of neural processes, cognition, mood, and behavior, creating an interdisciplinary bridge between neuroscience and clinical practice. Differentiating neurodivergence, understood as natural variations in brain structure and function, from neurological disorders, involving impairments or degenerative processes, is essential for diagnostic accuracy and social inclusivity. Advances in neuroimaging, biomarkers, and targeted pharmacotherapies have enabled earlier detection, better characterization, and personalized interventions. This study aimed to analyze how these fields interact in understanding, diagnosing, and treating neurodivergence and neurological disorders through an integrative bibliographic review. Searches in SciELO, LILACS, BVSMS, and Google Scholar used controlled descriptors and free-text terms, with inclusion of qualitative review articles in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Data extraction emphasized objectives, methods, and findings, prioritizing methodological rigor to integrate theoretical and applied perspectives for improved clinical outcomes.