Wheat is a critical staple crop in Pakistan, contributing significantly to food security and the national economy. However, the adoption of modern sustainable wheat production practices (SWPP) remains low, leading to suboptimal yields and persistent food insecurity. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of sustainable wheat production practices among smallholder farmers in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Using a multistage sampling technique, data were collected from 268 farm households in the Charsadda district. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were employed to analyze the data, with an adoption index constructed to measure the extent of SWPP. The results reveal that education, farm size, farming experience, income, and access to extension services are significant determinants of SWPP adoption. Older farmers and those with larger families also showed a propensity to adopt SWPP, though to a lesser extent. The regression model explained 65.1% of the variation in adoption, highlighting the importance of these factors in enhancing wheat productivity. Barriers to adoption include limited access to credit, inadequate extension services, and low education levels. The study concludes that targeted interventions are needed to promote the adoption of SWPP. Recommendations include enhancing farmer education and training, strengthening extension services, improving access to credit, and implementing policies that support SWPP.