This paper focuses on the interdisciplinary teaching design of high school mathematics under the STEM education concept, and takes the exponential function as a specific example to demonstrate the research. It presents an interdisciplinary teaching design that integrates science, technology, engineering, and other disciplines with the content of exponential functions in high school mathematics, covering five aspects: selecting learning content, analyzing students’ characteristics, setting learning objectives, implementing the learning process, and conducting learning evaluations. Through this teaching design, it aims to cultivate students’ interdisciplinary thinking and ability to solve practical problems, providing a reference for the development of high school mathematics teaching and the improvement of students’ comprehensive qualities.