This research examines the structural integrity of asphalt pavements in urban areas of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) cities—Riyadh, Dammam, and Dubai—through Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing. The study shows a general under-design of base layers with average back-calculated moduli ranging from 200–300 MPa, which is lower than the design standard of 400 MPa. A strong reverse correlation is found between Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) and asphalt modulus; with every increase of 1 million ESALs, there is a decrease of 10% in modulus. Moreover, ambient temperatures above 45 °C are responsible for a 15% reduction in asphalt stiffness, adding to fatigue and rutting hazards. For solution of these requirements, the paper suggests modified FWD thresholds within the climatic conditions of the Gulf: central deflection (D₀) below 120 µm and Surface Curvature Index (SCI) higher than 0.7. The approach covers a quantitative, non-destructive experimental framework by utilizing FWD surveys in shortlisted urban road corridors with a high volume of traffic. Data analysis entails back-calculation of layer moduli and statistical modeling to determine the effect of traffic loading and temperature fluctuations. The results highlight the need for region-specific pavement design and maintenance practices, incorporating FWD data into Pavement Management Systems (PMS) to improve infrastructure resilience and performance in the GCC region.