Background: Interprofessional rivalry marked by competition, a lack of collaboration, and role conflicts among healthcare professionals has become a major hurdle in health systems, especially in low- and middle-income areas like Abuja, Nigeria. These tensions can really undermine teamwork, the quality of care, and overall health outcomes. Even though there's increasing concern about this issue, we haven't fully explored how such rivalry impacts service delivery and the performance of the health system in Abuja. Objectives: The goal of this systematic review is twofold: first, to gather and synthesize existing evidence on how interprofessional rivalry shows up and what drives it within the health system; and second, to evaluate the effects of this rivalry on health services. Methodology: To do this, we conducted a thorough search across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journals Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar, looking for both peer-reviewed and grey literature. We included studies that examined interprofessional dynamics in health facilities. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality using PRISMA guidelines, and we applied thematic synthesis to bring together both qualitative and quantitative findings. Discussion: Our review revealed ongoing rivalry between key professional groups, particularly between doctors and allied health workers. This rivalry is often fueled by perceived inequalities in leadership, pay, and recognition. Such tensions lead to fragmented care, poor communication, high staff turnover, and resistance to collaborative policy efforts. The broader systemic effects include weakened governance, flawed referral systems, and compromised patient safety. Additionally, context-specific issues like weak regulatory oversight and the politicization of professional bodies make the situation even worse. Conclusion: Interprofessional rivalry in the health sector has significant systemic implications that jeopardize the quality, equity, and sustainability of health services. There’s an urgent need for targeted interventions to address these challenges.